Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Causes Pneumonia, And Upper Lobe Lesions

In order to diagnose this patient with this bacterium, I would place an order for a blood culture. Blood cultures are indicated in patients with sepsis, severe skin and soft tissue infections, or unstable vital signs; example massive organ failure. Blood cultures

As a facultative anaerobe, Klebsiella is usually found in human intestines or stool, where it is harmless. However, it has recently become a more important pathogen if it gets in the respiratory tract or bloodstream of a person with poor health or a compromised immune system (Guentzel, ). It commonly causes nosocomial, or hospital-acquired infections, which are contracted through the contaminated hands of healthcare workers, catheters or other equipment that is not sterile. These infections normally occur in patients that are being treated in the hospital for some other reason. Some examples of Klebsiella induced syndromes are Urinary Tract Infections, bacteremia, pneumonia, diarrhea, meningitis and osteomyelitis. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Health (2017), the mortality rate of a Klebsiella infection is around ninety percent in most countries. Additionally, it has become increasingly hard to treat infections caused by Klebsiella due to its ability to resist certain

This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process, symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the

S. pyogenes infections may vary from mild to life-threatening with a plethora of symptoms due to the many types of infections it causes. This bacterium is responsible for the diseases of pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and toxic shock syndrome, just to name a few. Each of these infections has its own unique set of symptoms as will be explored in depth below.

Pneumonia is described in Tabers cyclopedia medical dictionary, “as inflammation of the lungs, usually due to an infection with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogenic organisms” (p.1833)

The bases of this experiment was to discover the identify of the unknown from three possible specimens: Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Utilizaing the T streak technique, the bacteria was isolated into pure colonies for further study. The Gram Stain method was used to identity the morhphology of the bacteria such as the shape and whether the bacteria was Gram positive or Gram negative. Biochemical test were also used to help identify the unknown bacteria. The biochemical test used was the Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Sulfur Indole Motility test, Methyl Red test, Voges-Proskauer test, Citrate test, Urease test, and the Gelatin test. After observing the morphology of the bacteria using the Gram Stain method and utilizing all the possible biochemical test, the bacteria was identified to be Enterobacter aerogenes.

There are a few antibiotics that are affected in this case which include cephalosporin and also include penicillin (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). There are a few different ESBL’s which include TEM, SHV, CTX-M, OXA, and many others (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). All of the strains will be treated slightly differently due to the different chemical makeup (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). In order to determine the presence of ESBLs, lab tests can be used such as disk diffusion and pyrosequencing ((Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). Every patient has a different level of risk for becoming contaminated with ESBLs such as the differing lengths in hospital stay, as well as whether the patient has a PICC line (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). Another risk factor for the patient may be that they were previously in a nursing home (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). With the patient being elderly, the chances that they may have been in a nursing home are

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative bacilli bacterium 0.3-1.0um in diameter and 0.6-6.0 um in length. Cells are capsulated and arranged in pairs or in short chains. K. pneumoniae can cause different types of healthcare associated infections that include pneumonia, blood, and wound infections along with meningitis. K. pneumoniae is normally found in the intestines of human stool. Infections are most common with people who require ventilators, intravenous catheters or patients taking long courses of antibiotics. The primary portal of entry is through the respiratory tract to cause pneumonia or through the blood to cause bacteremia. People with healthy immune systems usually do not get k. pneumoniae infections but should

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could be community-acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs. Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough, confusion, pain in muscle or

pneumoniae and there chemotactic signals and the host cell’s alternate pathway, invade the alveoli. Also red blood cells are recruited to this site. In the third stage, mostly neutrophils are packed into the alveoli and very few bacteria remain. In the final stage, macrophages eliminate the remaining residue from the inflammatory response. As one can see, the damage which is done to the lung is largely a result of the host’s inflammatory response, which causes the build up of fluids in the lungs. If S. pneumoniae is allowed to persist in the lungs it can then invade the blood, which causes bacteremia. When in the blood it can traverse the blood-brain barrier and infect the meninges, which results in meningitis. S. pneumoniae is also associated with diseases in other parts of the respiratory tract including the paranasal sinuses, which is better known as sinusitis, and the middle ear can become infected, which is known as otitis media. It has also been known to cause peritonitis, an inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal wall, and it is also implicated in causing arthritis.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is a Gram-negative rod bacteria that is non-motile, ferments lactose and is a facultative anaerobe that is encapsulated such as to deceive the host’s immune system to carry out its job (Microbewiki, 2015). K. pneumoniae causes an abundance of different nosocomial infections such as pneumonia, infections of the blood, urinary tract infections, infections in the wound (surgical sites), septicemia, and meningitis; patients who are on ventilators, have an intravenous catheter, or are prescribed with a broad spectrum antibiotic are more apt to contracting the disease (CDC, 2015). K. pneumoniae can affect the Respiratory System (causing pneumonia), the Cardiovascular System (causing the blood infections),

Mrs. A (pseudonym) is an 83-year-old Samoan female of Christian religion who was admitted to an urban hospital on 02/04/15 by GP referral. She came in with chest pain associated with productive cough and shortness of breath (SOB) on exertion. She also complained of having recurrent episodes of vomiting mixed with saliva and fatigue. She has a history of asthma, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus on Metformin and double incontinence due to a long-standing history of intermittent constipation. Her chest computed tomographic (CT) revealed right lower lobe opacity indicating pulmonary consolidation, which means that her right lower lung has accumulated exudates in the alveoli that would have normally been filled by gas, indicative of bacterial pneumonia. Furthermore, a sputum gram stain sample collected from Mrs. A showed gram-positive bacteria, which is also a characteristic of pneumonia. Her blood tests revealed a high haemoglobin count, which may be caused by an underlying lung disease, as well as high white blood cell count confirming the presence of infection. Considering all diagnostic results, Mrs. A was diagnosed with right lower lobe bacterial pneumonia.

The clinical manifestations of pneumonia will be different according to the causative organism and the patient’s underlying conditions and/or comorbidities (Smeltzer, et al). Some of the manifestations are

Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. In all cases, the lungs' air sacs fill with pus , mucous, and other liquids and cannot function properly. This means oxygen cannot reach the blood and the cells of the body.