Stress Induced Cardiomyopathy : Takotsubo Disease

Dr. Arantza Manzanal explains how takotsubo was initially described “as a syndrome of reversible LV dysfunction with wall-motion abnormalities that involve the apical and midventricular segments” (57). Dr. Paolo Angelini rationalizes that “only during the last 2 decades have Japanese authors specifically categorized transient takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) as an entity in itself. Before that time, TTC was often called “acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries” (312). We will

In recent times, women have been increasingly more prone to heart related diseases. Even with campaigns that are run across internationally, there is a lack of realization by many people that the leading causes of deaths in women today are heart diseases. Often women are misdiagnosed by the healthcare providers and their symptoms are not recognized when they are having an acute cardiac arrest. According to statistics, every 30 seconds in the United States of America, a woman suffers from a heart attack (Health, 2013). Out of many types of heart diseases, the myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in women.

By providing an example of patients who have several mental disorders such as depression, bipolar, and neurotic problems, “were twice as likely to have a stroke or experience heart disease that the general population” (Gregorie). She also added, “cardiologist showed how stress can trigger neurological and psychological changes that create the conditions for heart attacks” (Gregorie). With providing this information, Gregorie painted the basic overview of how depression and heart disease can cause one

A study reveals that 25% life misfortune are because of heart assaults and is positioned number one in slaughtering individuals. The study has likewise found that the most extreme passings in U.S. are brought about because of the heart assault. The greater part of us know about the real heart assault indications that are hypertension, smoking, and abnormal state of cholesterol. Anxiety is likewise one of the significant purpose behind heart disappointments.

This is weakness in the muscle of the heart not attributable to any extrinsic cause. Actually, most intrinsic Cardiomyopathy can be traced back to some sort

This condition may be caused by ischemia, hypertension, heart valve abnormalities, alcoholism, as well as hemochromatosis, diabetes and amyloidosis. Idiopathic cardiomyopathies are put in to classes that include arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic, dilated and restrictive according to gross, minute and clinical features. Spongiform or noncompaction cardiomyopathy is considered a characteristic common to different types of cardiomyopathies.[William, Coleman and Gregory. 2009, Harvey and Leinwand,

Congestive heart failure (CHF), also called chronic heart failure or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is a clinical condition where heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump the blood as well as the normal heart. The ventricle, also known as main pumping chamber of the heart become larger or thicker which leads to inability to contract or relax as it should. “There is no universally agreed definition of heart failure (Denolin et al., 1983). It is the consequence of cardiac disease, diagnosis is clinically based on sign and symptoms manifested due to circulatory and neuro-hormonal response to cardiac dysfunction is heart failure (Poole-Wilson). The major and escalating public health problem in developed and industrialized country with aging population is congestive heart failure. According to Gaves (1991), the indication for hospitalization among adult over 65years of age is congestive heart failure. Over the past two decades admission rate to treat this condition have exponentially increased (Ghali et al., 1990). The quality and quantity of life of the patient of CHF is robbed (McMurry et al., 1998; McMurry & Stewart, 2000; Petrie & McMurry, 2001; Murdoch & McMurry, 2000). The epidemiology of the heart failure remain vast and inadequate. The rate of cardiovascular disease in Australia is highest comparison to rest of the world, despite of its significant advancement and progress in health industry, out of this sizeable portion of group is represented by heart

The effects of stress and heart disease is explained in a study Chida and Steptoe (2009), in which investigators looked at populations of people in healthy known areas, and assessed in total twenty five different studies. Anger and hostility has a positive relationship with coronary heart disease and was greater in men compared to women. Their findings also showed that individuals who had cardiac arrest and were resuscitated, twenty five percent admitted to feeling extremely stressed with work and family instances just twenty four hours before they had cardiac arrest. Daily activities that provoked moderate, acute stress demonstrated lower levels of blood supply to the hearts muscle. Deanfield et al. (1984)

This 1986 landmark meeting and report sparked interest in the topic of women and heart disease. Prior to the late 1990’s knowledge and awareness of heart disease as the number one killer of women was exceedingly low, whether one surveyed women or health care providers. Heart disease in women was not frequently discussed, even among cardiologists, many of whom held the persistent belief that cardiovascular disease was a “man’s disease”, which women did not experience.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy also called as Stress-induced transient cardiomyopathy, apical ballooning syndrome, and broken heart syndrome was first reported in 1991 [1 in Japan, and accounts for 1.2% of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) that present with elevated cardiac biomarkers [1,2,3. The condition is often associated with acute medical illnesses, catastrophic life events, and intense physical or emotional stress [2, 3. Although the pathogenesis of stress-induced cardiomyopathy is not fully understood, the hypothesis includes catecholamine excess [16, coronary vasospasm, micro vascular dysfunction and dynamic mid cavity or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Postmenopausal women appear to be at a higher risk for developing the disease as about 80% of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy occurs in postmenopausal women [3].

Stress cardiomyopathy, also called "broken heart syndrome", takotsubo cardiomyopathy and apical air syndrome, is a condition in which intense emotional or physical stress can cause rapid and severe cardiac muscle weakness. Research has proved that stress

Stress cardiomyopathy (SCMP), also known as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome, is a clinical condition characterized by acute reversible ventricular dysfunction. It usually affects the left ventricle (LV) and classically involves the mid and apical segments sparing the basal segments. Hence it also has been termed as apical ballooning syndrome. It accounts for approximately 1 to 2% of all troponin proven acute coronary syndrome events. It is typically associated with emotional or physical stressors or seen in the setting of acute medical condition (like surgery, cerebrovascular accident or an asthmatic episode), and is thought to be a catecholamine-mediated injury. These patients regain their ventricular function

Just the knowledge of learning that Stress kills 50 million people a year is an area to be concern. The risks of stress on the heart is that stress can and will kill you. In everyday life a person will experience some type of stress in their lives. Having too much stress for long periods of time is bad for the heart. Let me explain there are several risks to your heart that occurs when you are stressed. Stress raises your blood pressure making the heart work faster and harder which is not good for the body to constantly be exposed to stress hormones. Stress hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine are released by the body in situations that are interpreted as being potentially dangerous. The connection between stress, heart disease, and

The causes of development of depression in cardiac disease can be attributed to the stress after surgery and development of depression in reaction to the illness 5. Stress has been shown to be one of the most potent triggers or inducers of depression6. With stress, the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the sympatheticadrenomedullary (SA) system are activated, which leads to release of Catecholamines ( epinephrine and norepinephrine). Catecholamines increase alertness. Especially epinephrine usually evokes more anxiety and fear.7 With resolution of stress, these 2 systems should return to their basal states. Genetic predisposition, such as specific serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms, coupled with gene– environment interaction may explain why some individuals recover from life stressors and others develop the disease of depression.8

As the population ages heart failure is expected to increase exceptionally. About twenty-two percent of men and forty-four percent of women will develop heart failure within six years of having a heart attack. “Thirty years ago patients would have died from their heart attacks!” (Couzens)