Stronger Muscles

Blood pressure rises – arteries constrict blood to the visceral area and skin, sending the blood to the extremities for maximum muscle effort.

The body uses different energy systems depending on the duration of the exercise. If the exercise is for a long period, the body will use the aerobic energy system. This system produces the most energy for the body, using oxygen. An example of an exercise that uses

The respiratory system is the inhalation and exhalation of air; this is so that the body can take in oxygen which is used by every cell in the body. It allows oxygen into the lungs and carbon dioxide out of the lungs. Breathing in is when the intercostal muscles relax and external intercostal muscles contract, this causes the ribcage to move up and outwards. Also by breathing in the diaphragm contracts, which pulls downwards and flattens, the lung volume increases and the pressure inside decreases, furthermore the air is pushed into the lungs. On the other hand breathing out is more than less the opposite of breathing in. when the body breathes out the external intercostal muscles relax and the intercostal muscles contract, the ribcage also pulls downwards and inwards, the diaphragm too relaxes causing it to move upwards back to its dome shape, the lungs volume decreases and the air pressure inside increases and air is pushed out of the lungs. Gas exchange takes place in the lungs in the alveoli; the alveoli have thin walls- makes diffusion easier, large surface area, moist surface and many blood capillaries. For aerobic respiration to take place it needs oxygen, which releases huge quantity of energy in food as it being broken-down. The equation for aerobic respiration is glucose (from the food we eat) + oxygen (from breathing in) = carbon dioxide + water (+ energy in the form of ATP). The

The increase in oxidative capacity is achieved by an increase in the number of mitochondria (An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.) within the muscle cells, an increase in the supply of ATP and an increase in the quantity of enzymes involved in respiration. Another long term change that occurs due to training is that the heart gets larger; the result in the change is due to increased stress on the heart. The extra work of pumping blood against the increased pressure causes the heart wall to thicken over time, the same way a body muscle increases in mass in response to weightlifting. A long term change in the cardiovascular system as a result of training is that the resting heart rate gets lower, the cardiovascular response happens because a person that has been training for a long time has a lower heart rate because through exercise, they have a stronger heart; meaning that an athlete 's heart can pump more blood and more oxygen out with one pump than a non-athlete 's heart could. Another long term response in the cardiovascular system is that the blood supply increases, this change is due to your body needing more oxygen because you are exercising, your muscles and all your body organs are needing more energy and oxygen, this is because your body is working more than usual. Your body needs to do many things such as sweat, which helps you cool down, and to

Increased blood supply: the increased blood supply occurs in the body due to the increase in demand for more oxygen and this is due to the working muscles needing more oxygen and energy during

This change in blood flow helps to lower the end systolic volume by increasing the stroke volume. This process is necessary to bring the body back to homeostasis so that we can participate in vigorous activity safely. The parasympathetic division or “rest and digest” helps keep the use of the body’s energy at a low rate when we are eating and digesting the food so that the blood pressure and heart rate can remain at normal levels. The sympathetic division known as “fight-or-flight” becomes activated in times of excitement and will trump over processes like digestion. This division constricts blood vessels while pushing blood to the muscles and heart, dilates the lungs to increase ventilation, and causes more glucose to be produced for the higher need of energy. This means that when participating in vigorous physical activity the blood flow is directed to the big muscles rather than the digestive

Forced breathing (such as during exercise) and speech breathing require greater muscle involvement for both the inhalation and exhalation portions of the respiratory cycle. Speech breathing involves rapid, forceful inspirations, and proportionally less time is spent inhaling than spent exhaling (Owens, Metz, & Farinella, 2011). The muscles of forced inhalation (see Appendix B) assist by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity, allowing more air to enter the lungs. In addition, the muscles of forced inhalation contribute to the “checking” action that maintains support of the ribcage, preventing collapse (Taylor, 1960). The muscles of forced exhalation (see Appendix B) force the diaphragm upward, compressing the ribs, and thereby allowing the speaker to control the flow of air necessary for

During inhalation and while at rest, the diaphragm contracts, causing the ribs and sternum to elevate while the thorax drops. During this time, the dorsal respiratory group is active. Both the diaphragm and the external intercostals are controlled by the dorsal respiratory group. In contrast, during resting exhalation, the volume within the chest decrease and the intra-alveolar pressure rises. During this time, the diaphragm and external intercostals relax while the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. During exercise, there is an increase in the rates of contraction within the muscles involved in that particular exercise. Exercise also leads to an increase in oxygen consumption as the demand for oxygen within the body rises. In order to

The mode of quiet breathing involves the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contracting during the inhalation process. Following the diaphragm muscles contracting, it then travels passively towards the abdominal cavity, resulting in a larger thoracic cavity and an increased lung space. The intercostal muscles also contract, and then moves in an ‘upward and outward’ direction which expands the rib cage and increases chest volume. The expiration process is the opposite of inhalation, this process requires no muscle contractions, instead is influenced by the elasticity of the lungs. As the lungs expand, the elasticity of lung tissue causes the lungs to retreat. This retreat occurs as the diphram and intercostal muscles relax after inhalation.

•respiration becomes more inefficient (less air is moved in and out) because the pressure across the diaphragm is reduced.

Vasoconstriction : The blood vessels narrow and this slows down the blood flow, and the blood is further away from the surface of the skin. This conserves the heat that is in the body.

During exercise, the adrenal gland increases the production of adrenaline and noradrenaline which directly affects the heart and the ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. The hormones then directly influence the sympathetic nerves to stimulate the heart to beat stronger for increased stroke volume and faster for increased heart rate and an overall increase in cardiac output.

pressure increases within the lungs and the thoracic cavity causing the air to move out (Borden,

The process of inhalation starts with the diaphragm contracting and moving downwards. This increases the space in the thoracic cavity, which then causes an expansion of the lungs. The intercostal muscles between the ribs helps this expansion of the chest cavity to occur. The muscles contract to pull the rib cage upward and outward as you inhale. As the lungs expand, air enters the body from the nose and mouth. From there, air enters the trachea, larynx, and into the lungs. After passing the bronchioles the air enters the alveoli, where oxygen from the air passes the pulmonary capillaries. Oxygen moves from the alveolus to the blood with the help of the protein hemoglobin. While this is happening, carbon dioxide travels from the pulmonary artery

The air flow will control how quickly the diaphragm goes up. The rebounding (equilibrium) forces also activated when lung-thorax unit is compressed. Their needs to be a maintained airflow and subglottal pressure. Use inspiratory muscles to control air flow coming out at first. Still contracts the diaphragm and controls how quickly it goes up. Still contracts the external intercostals and others to control rib cage. Going down slower and volume decreases much slower. Positive pressure in goes up in lungs much slower. Pressure has not changed as quickly and airflows out slower to use and talk on. Exhalation will continue until reaching resting expiatory level which means everything is balanced and no muscular activity. During ninety percent active exhalation the process is the same except it will contract ab muscles, then lower the rib cage, which will decrease thoracic lung volume anteriorly to posteriorly, alveolar pressure increases, compresses viscera, and pushes the diaphragm. The final step of this exhalation will include decrease of thoracic and lung volume superiorly to inferiorly and alveolar press