Structural Differences Between Tubz And The Rest Of The Tubulin Family

[1] – Molecular Cell Biology, 7th edition 2012, Harvey Lodish, Chris A. Kaiser, Anthony Bretscher, et al. Macmillian Higher Education.

Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a combination of an archaeon with a

If necessary, use the back of the exam pages for the rest of your answers. Do not use other sheets of paper. Please write legibly; if I cannot read your answer, I will count it wrong.

Analyze the anatomical structure of ten different organelles in the cell and their respective functions.

In the science world, Tetrahymena is a uni-cellular organism found in most fresh water ponds, streams and lakes. Tetrahymena cells can tolerate many environments and are notably used as a model organism in eukaryotic cell biology and research. A model organism can be defined as an organism that is easy to culture in a laboratory and shares many similar processes and genes with complex multi-cellular organisms, for example, cells in the human body. The use of Tetrahymena as a model organism has led to the discovery of ribozymes, telomere structure and even the motor protein, dynein.

It acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the creation and storage of steroids. It also stores ions in solution that the cell may need at a later time. Steroids are a type of ringed organic molecule used for many purposes in an organism. They are not always about building muscle mass like a weight lifter. The ion storage is important because sometimes a cell needs ions fast. It might not want to search the environment for ions, so it is easier to have them stored in a pack for easy use.

A vesicle is bubble like membranous structure that stores and transports cellular products and digests metabolic waste in a cell. (Biology Online, 2008)

Freeman, S., Black, M., Taylor, E., Monroe, J., Allison, L., Podgorski, G.,… Quillin, K. (2013, January 18) Biological Science 5th edition. Chapter 7 pages

P1 – Describe the microstructure of a typical animal cell and the functions of the main cell components. A typical animal cell is seen as a tiny, three dimensional sac which is in fact made up of many components, each as important as the other. The microstructure of an animal cell was in fact uncovered mainly through the use of both cell fractionation and electron microscopy. Each main component has its own, individual function which helps a cell to function and maintains the cell membrane. The components that I will be describing include the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth and rough) and ribosomes.

In the studies being done, scientists realized that the BKM-120 inhibitor not only affects the PI3K/PKB/mTOR pathway, but the microtubule synthesis pathway, as well [5]. This dual activity found in the BMK-120 inhibitor was due to the structure of the inhibitor; Figure 5 illustrates how these two functions are possible (a) and what the ratio of microtubule inhibition and PI3K inhibition are in the cell (b) [5]. Through extensive studies on the BMK-120 inhibitor and other similar compound structures, researchers, like Bohancker et al., have been able to identify key structural components for the two activities. The Bohancker et al. found that additional nitrogen in the core of the molecule could help remove the tubulin inhibition, as well as, less symmetry in the BMK-120 overall structure [5]. In general, the research being done in these two examples, and the many other inhibitor synthesis experiments, show how the creation and modification of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases inhibitors is a huge part PI3K studies. From these developments, scientists can get a better sense of how the inhibitors will work in cells and treating diseases.

A mitochondrion is a rod-shaped organelle that generates power. In a eukaryotic cell, the mitochondria act as ATP factories. Which helps release energy for the cells to carry out their jobs. They have an outer membrane made from phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins. to help regulate the organelle They have proteins within them. In the outer membrane Porins are found. “Porins are beta barrel proteins that cross a cellular membrane and act as a pore, through which molecules can diffuse.” Porins allow Passive diffusion because they are large enough to pass through unlike other membrane transport proteins. For example, they act as channels that are specific

3. Tortora GJ. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. In: Microbiology an Introduction. 9th ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc; 2007: 77-113.

Many cells are filled with a complex network of tube like things known as the endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic

The structure is a fluid collage of lipids and proteins. Its function is to protect the cell from surroundings. It forms a phospholipid bilayer to keep the hydrophobic tails to stay away from water while still maintaining the heads to remain surrounded by water.

Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).