Structural Possible Via Secondary Reinforcement Techniques

The basic principle to remember is that concrete is a sloppy God-awful mess when we first look at it but then we turn it into something wonderful. We take the sloppy mud like concoction and

Miodownik is able to describe how the perception of people towards concrete has changed over the years. Concrete started off as being considered a modern material during the 1960’s to people wanting to cover up. “These days concrete is regarded as necessary, cheap, functional, gray, dreary, stained and most of all ugly,” Miodownik (69).

“Roman concrete (opus caementicium), like modern concrete, is an artificial building material composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water. Aggregate is essentially a filler, such as gravel, chunks of stone and rubble, broken bricks, etc. Binding agent is a substance which is mixed with the aggregate wet (water added) and solidifies when it dries, or "sets." Many materials, even mud, can be a binding agent, and used to make, what we generally call, mortar. Historically lime or gypsum, mixed with rubble stones, have been used as binding agents in making a strong mortar” (Roman Concrete).

Even the aggregate in the concrete was carefully graded for structural reasons, with the heaviest in the foundation and becoming lighter as the building height increased. (Campbell)

First, concrete durable. Concrete is something that will outlive other products up to three times over (“What Makes…”). In addition to durability, concrete is efficient. Concrete can be made with byproducts from power plants, and other aspects of manufacturing. Concrete is primarily made up limestone, the most abundant material on Earth. Above all of this concrete can be recycled. Concrete can be crushed and recycled into another structure or product, reducing the need to mine the limestone for production. Concrete also allows water to pass through which reduces the chance of flash flooding, erosion, and water table depletion as compared to other materials. This is a major check in the sustainability of concrete; the conservation of soil, landscape and ecosystems. Concrete is a very green option when it comes to building

During an era of the Roman Empire, the use of concrete was an extraordinary achievement. However, the application

Concrete is fluid and malleable when it is first laid out; over time it becomes sturdier and capable of bearing tons of weight. We, as in humans, are exactly like concrete; we begin as pliable souls and bodies that must harden as time goes on. It shows how humans have always been capable of, possibly subconsciously, creating building materials that reflect the human spirit; everything built by man or woman has always reflected something within him or her. Concrete reflects us in this manner: concrete is the ultimate representation of how humans grow and develop.

This is the most recent type of concrete formwork. It’s an emerging tech for RCC construction as well as architectural design work. This materials’ flexibility creates the ability to make concrete of any shape.

On satellite dishes, headlights and dish heaters the parabola shape reflects the beams or heat all in one direction. Skis use the parabolic shape to make turing much easier because all you have to do is turn the ski on edge and ski turns almost effortlessly. To collect energy the parabolic shape is used in trough solar panels so all the sun’s energy can be directed to a single collecting tube. The parabolic shape can also create extremely tall structures because the weight is distributed to the anchors and all the pressure isn’t left at the top of the structure, this is shown in arc bridges, arches like the St. Louis Arch and roller coasters. The single most helpful use of the parabolic shape is the application in the suspension bridge. The suspension bridge connects previously hard to reach areas easily, is cost effective and provides strong structure. This is because the parabolic shape of the ropes transfers the weight of the road or bridge to anchors that hold the weight. Parabolas are commonly used to make things more convenient and efficient for people around the world.

Aggregate is one of the basic constituents of concrete. Its quality is of considerable importance because about three-quarter of the volume of concrete is occupied by aggregates. One of the physical properties of aggregate that influence the property of concrete is the grading of aggregate. The grading of aggregate defines the proportions of particles of different size in the aggregate. The grading of fine (size < 5 mm) and coarse (size > 5 mm) aggregates are generally required to be within the limits specified in BS 882: 1992.

Modern construction utilises properties of concrete and allows the creation of large structures. In order to achieve this we must understand the expectations of concrete and how it works.

In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of Portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse (larger) aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as concrete. Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of concrete: it’s plastic and malleable when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened. These qualities explain why one material, concrete, can build skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks and superhighways, house and dams. (Cement $ concrete institution) 2015)

In preparation for the laboratory concrete specimens should be prepared in line with the Civil Engineering technicians’ standard mix. 4 concrete cube samples with no plasticiser should be produced and another 4 Specimens should also be produced in line with this standard mix but with the addition of plasticiser as well. The 8 specimens should then be left to cure in water for specified time periods: 0, 7, 14, 28 days.

These problems occurs due to Standard Concrete can be solved by self-healing bacterial concrete. This is a concrete which is provided with self-healing agent in form of bacteria. This type of concrete consist of mixture of bacteria as a healing agent and calcium lactate Ca(C3H5O2)2 as a food that support bacteria at the time when bacteria comes in active form.

When the FRP-confined concrete columns are subjected to axial compressive loads, the concrete core starts to expand laterally and this expansion is resisted by a confining stress provided by the FRP jacket. The value of such lateral confining pressure is a function of the strength and amount of FRP wrap and the column’s cross-sectional dimension. For example, when confining concrete in a circular shape, the FRP jacket provides a uniform pressure around the perimeter resulting a great improvement in strength. On the other hand, concrete in a jacket of non circular sectional shape is confined by non-uniformly pressure and concentrated around the corners of such concrete members. In other words, the external confinement by FRP is more effective for a circular section that for a rectangular section at same amount of FRP. The maximum value is obtained when the strain in the FRP wrap reaches its ultimate strain. In order to study and quantify the behavior of rectangular concrete columns confined by FRP wrap, a number of models have been proposed for determining the amount of confining pressure by using a ratio known as the confinement ratio and is denoted by CR (i.e. ), which is defined as the lateral confining pressure provided by the CFRP (fl) divided by the unconfined concrete compressive strength ( ). This confining pressure can be calculated by the following well known expression (ACI 440.2R-08 2008):