Structural Safeguards

The debate over federalism is still present, and will endure. Parts of todays’ version of cooperative federalism will surely be replaced by another theory of intergovernmental relations. In addition, the balance of power between the national and the state governments will continue to be settled by political means, and not by theory. The relationships of the federal system, political ideology, and freedom, is no longer as simple as it appeared; recently as 50 years ago.

Last but not least, a decrease in government spending could mean worse income distribution compared with increasing progressive tax. This is because transfer payment forms almost a third of the governments budgets and so by cutting expenditure it is very likely that it will also be cut making the poor poorer and widening the gap. On the other hand, taxes could be increased progressively by for example increasing marginal income taxes so that the people with high income pay more than the poor narrowing the gap between.

Budgeting is perhaps the most essential process involved in the United States government. While this process seems to exist only in the background, it is, in reality, what allows all other processes of government to function as they do. In order to satisfy the most necessities of modern society, changes must be made to each of the three major categories of the budget: the big five, the middle five, and the little guys.

Federalism is a concept that refers to a system of government in which power is shared between the national and non-national governments. Cooperative Federalism is a model of federalism in which all governments are linked and participate in the administration of programs. Creative federalism was a term used to describe the Great Society program of Lyndon Johnson. President Johnson sought to devolve powers to the states using creative federalism. The devolution of responsibilities to the states began under President Nixon but were accelerated in the 1980s under President Reagan. Ronald Reagan 's brand of new federalism dramatically decreased the use of categorical grants. Federalism under President Obama is still in the development stage, but the 2009 Federal Stimulus Plan can best be described as new federalism, creative, federalism, and general revenue sharing. There are four controversial examples of federalism at work today.

When problems arise in our nation, we are left with a complicated crisis as to whose job it is to do what and who exactly should be taking care of any bad situation that seems to pop up with daily life anywhere in the world, but in this case, America. Certain governmental systems, such as Federalism, can be considered a solution to these crises. Federalism can be defined as the relationship between the individual state governments of America and the national or federal government of the United States; and works to balance the power of a large central government, and the power of the smaller regional governments.

New Federalism is also known as Competitive Federalism due consent struggle of the national and local government trying to be “equal.”

The author is the David S. and Ann M. Barlow Professor of Political Economy and

The author aims to inform the reader of the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for reform of federalism by summarizing the discussions of the round table held in May 2007.

Introduction: Federal grant agendas offer state and local governments varying steps of flexibility over the use of grant funds. For example, block grants provide only extensive factors for using those funds, leaving state and local government’s significant liberty when they make spending results. By contrast, state and local governments face more spending limitations on how they use categorical formula grants. For example, definite standards govern the types of roads that state governments may improve using federal highway grant funds. Though, among all probable road schemes that meet the recognized standards, states are normally able to select which ones to fund. Project grants deliver state and local governments the minimum tractability over

To define the terminology of federalism to a simplistic way is the sharing of sovereignty between the national government and the local government. It is often described as the dual sovereignty of governments between the national and the local to exert power in the political system. In the US it is often been justified as one of the first to introduce federalism by the ‘founding fathers’ which were developed in order to escape from the overpowered central government. However, federalism in the United States is hitherto uncertain where the power lies in the contemporary political system. In this essay I will outline and explain how power relationship alternates between states and federal government. Moreover I will also discuss my

Federalism plays an integral part in the growth and development of the United States of America and is a key factor in determining the basis of power in this country. Clearly, the term federalism can be understood in many different ways pertaining to each person's view, but it can be more broadly defined in terms of the separation between the state and federal government. Thomas E. Patterson defines federalism as, “the division of sovereignty, or ultimate governing authority, between a national government and regional (that is, state) governments. Each directly governs the people and derives its authority from them” (Patterson 74). He then goes on to give a more basic definition with, “American Federalism is basically a system of

The Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA) budget criteria framework covers 27 budgeting categories and was launched in 1984 to encourage the preparation of high quality budgets (Bland, 211). The following memo evaluates the budget of the City of Lake Oswego using GFOA’s Distinguished Budget Presentation Awards Criteria, and also compares it to the budget of the City of Detroit.

In this analysis we will review a case titled “The Dilemma at the Public Service Department.” We will be discussing different issues, amongst them are: opinions on the honesty, malfeasance, misfeasance, nonfeasance, accountability, competence, and why these particular responsibilities are identified. We will also discuss certain trade-offs made by the commissioner’s loyalty to the department as well as the governor, and public interest. We will also be discussing three barriers when it comes to deciding how the governor will be approached, along with the basic elements that are recommended in strategic management planning.

Introducing Chapter 4, the author explains how federalism is a fundamental part of U.S government and how it gives equal power to both national and state governments. “History indicates clearly that the principal factor in the formation of federal systems of government has been a common external threat.” The authors’ quote informs the reader that people have always been weary of a strong, national government and that there is always a constant

According to our text, people perceive government as a tool to maximize their own self-interest in the political economy model (Rosen & Gayer, 2014, p. 108). This commonly takes the form of public service programs, which is why fiscal sustainability is an essential factor in government operations, especially on the local level. It has turned out to be an immense challenge on every level due to fluctuating operating deficits, tax revenues, and demographics. These issues are similar to the tragedy of the commons, which occurs when several people try to obtain the largest profit from a common resource. As demand surpasses the supply of the resource, those who seek personal gain disregard society’s well-being and other people are not able to experience the benefits (“Tragedy of the Commons”). The larger problem is that public expenditures are paid for by mostly everyone within a single jurisdiction, yet the benefits from government expenditures are focused on certain groups. This leads to each group craving a greater portion of the common revenue pool, however, if every group tries to increase their share then it would result in unnecessary public spending or economic crisis. This study by Tang, Callahan, and Pisano (2014) examines fiscal sustainability within local governments as a common-pool resource (CPR) problem by considering the political economy of monetary institutions, applying six