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Over 2 million people fled the Russian Empire in the early 1900’s due strictly to political reasoning. A Russian revolution and civil war which resulted in hatred refuges against a communist government in their homelands. Thousands more came because of the Germany and Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, resulting in higher emigration

Russia, as a country, has had a long and proud history. However, for a small time starting in 1917, things started to take a turn for the worse. There was widespread famine, disease, and killing by the instituted government. There was also no Russia. Instead, there was the glorious United Soviet Socialist Republics, or the USSR. This new country did not come around peacefully, but instead under the 1917 Russian Revolution and the revolting communist Bolsheviks. The Russian people were not in a better condition after the Russian revolution due to Stalin’s leadership of his country; the reason being the GULAGs that Stalin was sending his people to, the communes that the peasants were sent to, and the disastrous effects of his five year plans.

For many decades, Russia was isolated from other part of the world politically and geographically. During the First World War, Russia’s industrialization was progressing fairly, as they implemented an education reform program to promote literacy among people. The program would have been successful if it was continued without obstacles. They also implemented a program named Stolypin in order to modernize the agriculture, which was bringing successful changes to the country; however, the Stolypin program was not completed because of problems such as War, the absent of a proper parliament institutions ,the corruption and excess of power among the secret police. Ethnicity in Russia groups was also among the problems as the Russian empire was becoming anarchical and it was getting difficult to maintain it due to pressure form the population who felt that their basic need were not being responded while the monarchy was having an extravagant lifestyle (Kennan,1). By 1917, most Russian were now convinced about the fact that Czar Nicholas II was not good enough to help revive the economy in Russia. Also, Corruption in the government was still untouched and the king had already dissolved the Duma because they did not agree to his will. The economy was still backward, without jobs, frustrated people were tired of the conditions that they lived

The book, Migrations and Belongs, written by Dirk Hoerder, dealt with the experiences people faced as they migrated in voluntary and involuntary migrations. Chapter four, “Migrations during War and Depression” focused mainly on forced migrations. This chapter dealt with the fact that after World War I, people were forced out of their homes. There was a new concept that was emerging and becoming increasing popular, the concept of nationalization. People wanted their country to consist only of the people of that origin. They wanted the un-mixing of people which led to widespread involuntary mass migration. There were such places that were open to new immigrants such as the Soviet Union, but places like Germany and France for example wanted

The Bolshevik revolution of 1917 brought with it a plethora of changes that shaped the population of the newly formed socialist society. The once imperial nation faced a great deal of emigration following the drastic change in leadership and politics of the nation. Following the civil war, some “two hundred thousand …Russians who escaped from Russia after the 1917 Revolution, spreading westward across Europe,” creating their own communities across the continent (Bennett). A

Subsequent to the collapse of the USSR, Poland established itself as a capitalistic society and made a name for itself early in the 1990’s. Many Polish citizens had fled in the 1960’s through the 1980’s as they witnessed the lifestyle people in Western Germany were living. Baranova (2011) explained “after the fall of communism, some of those who fled came back to embrace capitalism in their native homeland”. However, those who chose not to return have mostly settled down in England and Germany, both of which are comprised of large sized immigrant groups (Baranova,

The Eastern European country chosen for discussion is Belarus. This paper will first discuss the transition from communism based on the experience of living under communist rule. Second, the significant historical factors from 1920-1991 that led to the fall of communism will be given and traced as to how they affected the process of the transition. Finally, the choices made by Belarus during and after the transition period will be traced back to historical and transitional factors that influenced them. Inarguable evidence will be noted throughout the paper to prove the need for transition from communism and the problems with the transition. The country of Belarus is still in transition. How

This investigation analyses the successes and failures of collectivisation in the Soviet Union, specifically looking at the impact it had on the peasants of Russia and whether it aided in satisfying the Soviet Union’s economic needs. In order to assess the extent to which collectivisation was a success, this investigation examines and evaluates the first few years of collectivisation, assessing collectivisation’s impact on the economy of the Soviet Union and the people, as a stronger economy would greatly improve the livelihood of the masses. Ultimately this investigation assesses the wisdom of Stalin’s decision to partake in collectivisation. This analysis does not assess Stalin’s abilities as a leader, the

“[It became] the task of our party, as a matter of immediate urgency, to gain control of the millions of working masses...”37 This quote from Stalin is from a speech given by him concerning the national question. He goes on to clearly discuss how the poor ethnic groups need help from the party (the Soviet Union) to develop properly and that they need to take a clear dominant role in decision making concerning how to properly foster the class consciousness of these backwards ethnic group.38 Ethnic Russians were clearly the better of the ethnic groups and had a responsibility to take care of their slavic brothers. Other documents speak of the specific ways that the Soviet Union planned to develop these other ethnic regions. To start they were

Today’s important historical topic is on European and Asian emigration throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century.The reason behind millions of people migrating from Europe was due to the rapid growing population. Also, because many European countries were controlled by churches or the government, they felt frustrated by their strong power and wanted to escape the oppression. Additionally, between 1815 and 1932 more than 60 million people left Europe and primarily traveled to countries such as, America, Australia, New Zealand, or Siberia.

Due to Stalin, communism and racism their way of life was altered. They were forced to become settled down, “civilized” Russians and had to abandon their nomadic lifestyle. Thousands of Buryats were killed or put into labour camps for their ethnicity and they way they looked. Their language was changed so many times that they were focused to convert to Russian so they could read. Due to Stalin’s control over the Buryats they had to lose part of their identity as Buryats to become “civilized” Russian citizens. Stalin’s beliefs and actions changed a struggling nation, they are now fighting to recover from the devastation. They are slowly becoming more westernized and growing as an

Furthermore, I will provide some historical feedback about the economy and the labor market structure in the Soviet Union. Additionally, I will provide some evidence for which level of language proficiency, namely in Hebrew and English, the immigrants achieved before immigrating to Israel. The data and references used in this paper are based on the target group of FSU immigrants who currently live in Israel and have tried to find a workplace. To analyze this data, I will evaluate which factors, either from professional or everyday life prospective, prevent the immigrants from successful assimilation with the native labor force. I will argue that even though most of the FSU immigrants in Israel have had a high level of education and substantial work experience in their home countries, they have faced some barriers that made their integration in the labor market quite difficult. To support this assertion, I will demonstrate that, because the immigrants came from communist countries and were not really familiar with the market economy, they had almost no experience of searching for a job on their own. Additionally, I will claim that the language barrier is one of the main pitfalls considered by Israeli employers, as the majority of the immigrants are not proficient in Hebrew (Remennick, 2010: 435). Also, the differences between Soviet and Israeli degrees, certifications and job responsibilities made it more complicated to integrate in the local work force and compete with Israeli employees. Finally, the labor supply shock, that is, overcrowded labor market, mention above, had a detrimental effect not only on the local population, but also on the immigrants. In the long run, as more barriers will be examined, FSU citizens who plan to immigrate to Israel will be more aware of potential pitfalls in the Israeli labor market, and this knowledge may provide a chance for smoother labor

Russia was once part of the Soviet Union which was governed by a communist party (Lewin-Epstein, Semyonov, Kogan & Wanner 2003). During the reign of the USSR, emigration of citizens was highly restricted and citizens were not allowed to leave (ibid). Political changes and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s separated the state into 15 separate countries and emigration was no longer restricted (ibid). Majority of those who left the newly formed Russian Federation went to countries such as: Israel, United States, Germany or Canada (ibid). Citizens who emigrated out of Russia left due to reasons such as: poor economy, political crisis, and increased displays of anti-Semitism (ibid). Canada introduced an immigration plan in the year 1990 with goals to increase the level of immigration with the focus on three categories: family reunification, economic immigration and humanitarian reasons such as refugee status (Lewin-Epstein et al. 2003). Prior to this policy reform, individuals had to successfully go through the point system and be financially stable enough to support themselves and their family after arriving in Canada (ibid). Thus, previous to this reform Russian immigrants from the former Soviet Union had to enter as independent immigrants (ibid). The change in immigration policies in Canada and the collapse of the Soviet Union meant there was a significant increase of Russians who were able to successfully immigrate to Canada (ibid). During the period of 1990 to 1994, the annual immigration rate for Russians in Canada was approximately 7.6 per 1,000 (Lewin-Epstein et al. 2003). Census data from 2006 in Canada, show the trend Eastern European immigration has continued and 1.6% of new immigrants are from Russia (Statistics Canada 2009). There is a lack of research regarding Russian support workers in Canada,

Joseph Stalin’s three decade long dictatorship rule that ended in 1953, left a lasting, yet damaging imprint on the Soviet Union in political, economic and social terms. “Under his inspiration Russia has modernised her society and educated her masses…Stalin found Russia working with a wooden plough and left her equipped with nuclear power” (Jamieson, 1971). Although his policies of collectivisation and industrialisation placed the nation as a leading superpower on the global stage and significantly ahead of its economic position during the Romanov rule, this was not without huge sacrifices. Devastating living and working standards for the proletariat, widespread famine, the Purges, and labour camps had crippling impacts on Russia’s social

The article about various migration trends like refugees fleeing for a better life, or migrants who migrated temporarily. A part that stood out the most was how in the early 1990s, migration “took a prominent place on the international political agenda.” Due to the collapse of the Soviet Union, migration was occurring at rapid and uncontrollable rates due to sporadic migration from random migrants as well as seekers of asylum. Migrants spread across North America and Western Europe. The influx of migrants in turn lead to a change in border controls and created a push to restrict particular kinds of maneuverability. There were speculations that migration would become an apparent