Structure of Matter

Every individual is different in a specific way. Like people, substances have unique qualities, such as properties, which aid chemists to differentiate and identify the particular components the substances consists of. These particular qualities are identified as either physical or chemical properties. Physical properties are properties which do not require a chemical change of its composition in order for the substance to be classified. A few examples of physical properties include color, density, odor, boiling point, melting

Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds

13. What are the subatomic particles and what is the electrical charge of each? Protons (positively charged), Neutrons (electrically neutral), both found in the Nucleus of the atom & Electrons (negatively charged). Where in the atom is each of these particles found? In the orbital (Electrons)

What is matter? Matter is the substance of which any physical object is composed of. Matter takes up space and has mass. Matter can actually undergo lots of changes either chemically or physically. During chemical changes, matter’s chemical composition changes. Bonds between atoms are broken and created to form new molecules! For an example, a rusting iron nail. When a iron nail is exposed to oxygen it transforms into rust, this ability to react is the chemical property/change. During physical changes, matter’s composition does not change. Something in the matter might seem or look different, but the atoms are still link up the same.

Lots of static electricity to the point where if people shake eachothers hands with someone there would be a powerful shock. Static electricity could shorten car radios and engines that people had to drag chains on the back of their

Vocabulary: atomic number, atomic radius, Aufbau principle, chemical family, diagonal rule, electron configuration, Hund’s rule, orbital, Pauli exclusion principle, period, shell, spin, subshell

The cause of static electricity is when there is an unbalanced molecular construction or non conductive insulators such as plastic, glass, ceramics, and other non conductive materials

In the nucleus of an atom there are protons and neutrons the number of protons and neutrons depends on the element and ,if it is an isotope of that element. E.g. carbon 12, carbon 12 has six neutrons six protons and 6 electrons . Electrons are located around the nucleus of the atom. Electrons are in shells, the shell closest to the nucleus is 1 , the one after 2 and so on. Each shell can only hold up to a certain number of electrons . the first can hold up to 2 , the second 8 (2+6) the third up to 18 (2+6+10). The general formula for finding out how many electrons a shell can hold is 2n^2. Electrons have a negative charge , while protons have a positive and neutrons have no charge. A atom has the same number of protons and electrons. An ion is formed when an atom loses or gains a electrons .

Two everyday life situations where we experience static eletricity are walking on a carpet with socks which is due to friction and rubbing your hands together which is due to charging by induction.

Charges that build up as static electricity on an object do not stay there forever. Electrons like to move, returning to the object to its neutral state. When a negatively charged object and a positively charged object come together, electrons transfer until both objects have an equal charge. The loss of static electricity as electric charges transfer is called static discharge. Normally, a static discharge creates a spark. When electrons transfer between objects they heat the air around the path until it glows, which is the spark we see.

Chemical and physical properties of substances are due to the structure and arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules and how these interact with each other

According to atomism, the essential quality of matter is the small, indivisible and externally existing particles called atoms. Atoms have different shapes and textures and that is the reason that for example different foods tastes differently and have different affect to our tongue.

The copper atom is constructed from three kinds of particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are located in a very small spherical volume at the exact center of the atom called the nucleus. Protons have a +1 charge, and nuetrons have no charge, so the nucleus has an overall positive charge. The electrons, which have a -1 charge, are located in a relatively large spherical volume around and centered on the nucleus.

Freezing is when a liquid turns into a solid. Melting is when a solid goes to a liquid. Evaporation is when liquid turns to gas. Sublimation is when a solid turns to a gas. Lastly, deposition is when a gas turns into a solid. A third way to classify matter is to tell if it is a pure substance or if it is a mixture. A pure substance has two types, whether it is an element or a compound. An element is just one single atom while a compound is two or more atoms, that create a molecule and are the same, bonded. A mixture is a mix of atoms and/or molecules, and/or pure substances. So for example, let's say you have oranges and apples in a bowl, that is considered a mix because they are not physically bonded together and they are not the same. This goes the same for a mixture, but on a molecular level. Mixtures are also determined if they are homogeneous or

States of matter are the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in bulk properties. Solid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume and shape; liquid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume but adapts to the shape of its container; and gas is the state in which matter expands to occupy whatever volume is available.