Essay about Studies on Plant Responses to Multiple Stresses

Plants are found everywhere on earth, up high on the ridge and down low in caves and caverns. The types of plants that live in these places depends on many factors. These factors are separated into two different categories, the biotic factors and the abiotic factors. Some of the biotic factors include, predation, competition, and habitat destruction. Plants with limited competition and large amounts of resources will be in a higher abundance than plants with limited resources and higher competition rates will be confined to areas and either out competed or will be the dominant species. Certain plants adapt to these factors and thrive and others don’t do as well. Some of the abiotic factors include, sunlight, water, temperature, and wind. These

6. Describe several adaptations that enable plants to reduce water loss from their leaves. Include both structural and physiological adaptations.

The use of too much fertilizers, and in particular, of fertilizers with high concentrations of nitrogen, has been linked to reduced biodiversity (Xiankai et al. 2010). It becomes necessary to consider the detrimental effects of high concentrations of fertilizer in the reduced spaces. Fertilizers are salts, and therefore high concentrations of fertilizers can deplete the plant from water.

Adaptations in terrestrial environments involve the structural and functional qualities of the organism, to achieve the adequate intake of oxygen and other essential substances for the animal to survive, the evolution of more complex anatomical structures were required. Gravity is stronger on land than water, which means terrestrial organisms have to be more structural than aquatic organisms. Also, the balance of gas exchange with water loss is a key feature to survive in land. For example plants, when doing photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen, at the end of this process a lot of water is lost and terrestrial plants have to compensate the water being lost and the water taken from soil. Furthermore, the dispersal of gametes by wind or other animals have helped plants reproduce in large amounts and create varieties of species of the same kind. Short-term weather patterns as well as long-term climate conditions based on precipitations, temperature, wind, humidity as well as other factors are survival obstacles that organisms in land have to adapt to live; endothermic organisms have to maintain a constant internal

might affect the fitness of each variant. In other words which factors might increase plant growth, survival,

A plant's growth ability is dependent on its ability to acquire the resources it needs to survive. Competition such as interspecific and intraspecific, limiting resources, and population density affect the fitness level of a plant. This experiment was conducted in order to test the capability of collards and radishes to grow in manipulated densities under interspecific and intraspecific competition. I hypothesized that both collard and radish plants will grow more efficiently in single species pots under low-density conditions. I also hypothesized that in the mixed species plots the radishes will be more fit to survive and grow better than the collard plants in both the high and low-density pots. Both high and low density and single and mixed species plots were planted and results were observed. There was a significant

University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. E J H Corner, 2002. The Life of Plants. University of Chicago Press,

Pholx noctunix grows in the tundra ecosystem. The only biotic factor that impacts Pholx noctunix is the caterpillars that like to feed on its leaves, this has caused it to adapt by developing thorns along the stem to prevent caterpillars from being able to reach the leaves. The majority of the factors that affect plants that grow in the tundra are abiotic, including:

Valladares, F., E. Gianoli, and J.M. Gomez. 2007. Ecological limits to plant phenotypic plasticity. New Phytologist 174:749-763.

The aim of this experiment is to investigate how the effects of salts will have on Bean plants. If salt infected water is added to the bean plants, then the effects of osmosis and photosynthesis will be distributed in the plants, causing them to stop developing and eventually start leading to death. The outcome of this experiment will be determined through the amount of saline concentrations that will be added throughout to the plants and how all can be linked back to the real world problems in dryland salinity.

Plant#1: The White Pine Tree has adapted to the climate with the help of humans and other natural forces

The authors are trying to determine how elevated Tsoil and elevated CO2 will affect the physiological responses of shade-tolerant species in light conditions. Also, how elevated CO2 and high light treatment affect physiological traits of shade-tolerant plants.

Aquatic plants are an important component of lake systems. These plants may be totally submerged beneath the lake surface, floating, or growing along the shoreline. They provide food and shelter for bugs, fish and other organisms, prevent shoreline erosion, filter pollutants from adjacent shoreline activities, and provide oxygen to the surrounding environment.

Observation: In the drier regions of an area, more small plants were observed to be growing compared to wetter regions of an area.

The plants that grow in saline soils have diverse ionic compositions and a range in concentrations of dissolved salts (Volkmar et al., 1998). These concentrations fluctuate because of changes in water source, drainage, evapo-transpiration, and solute availability (Volkmar et al., 1998). Due to these varying conditions, plant growth depends on a supply of inorganic nutrients, and this level of nutrients varies in time and space (Maathius and Amtmann, 1999). Either extreme condition concerning nutrients results in deficiency or toxicity in plants, and this is demonstrated by salt tolerance (Maathius and Amtmann, 1999). These conditions vary according to the plant species and growth conditions. Little is known about the genetic basis for diversity of salt tolerance in plants, and this could be partly explained through the definitions given for salinity.