Study Guide Ch. 15, 16, 17

“Humoral immunity is a type of immune response that depends on antibodies.” The response begins when a pathogen binds to a B cell. The B cell will engulf the pathogen and display a part of the antigen on its exterior. Once a T cell is exposed to the antigen-presenting B cell, the T cell will release proteins to activate the B cell. Now that the B cell is activated, it will produce antibodies to cause the pathogens to clump together. In the last stage of humoral immunity, phagocytes will engulf and destroy the pathogens.

Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response.

Excesses vitamin leads to nausea, headache, dizziness, hair, loss, birth defects. Deficiences are night blindness, degeneration of epithelial tissues.

The body’s protection against viruses, bacteria and other types of invasions is our immune system (Tortora, 2014).

They are harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

The innate and adaptive immune response start with exposure to an antigen in the epithelium of

a. This function is mediated by T cells and B cells (memory cells) in our body via adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is “remembered” by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by memory cells. Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. So basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. Therefore, T cells will identify them and kill them.

Innate Immune System – Nonspecific and abrupt first response; comprised of epithelial surfaces (physical barriers), neutrophils, and macrophages.

This is immunity in an organism that’s a result from the production of antibodies or lymphocytes after an antigen is identified in the body.

Second, in order to further confirm the information about characteristics and function of the targeting protein that we have

The unable to be harmed response on a person's body is how the body recognizes foreign bacteria, viruses and substances that may appear harmful to the body and defends itself by responding to the germs that the body tries to fight these have. The way it recognizes this germs that the body tries to fight is by already recognizing the proteins that have germs that the body tries to fight that already exist in the body that are not harmful. When the unable to be harmed response

It is of great interest to see how far the scientific community has come across with identifying the genes and functions of each encoding protein. The science brought different interventions, as each gene has the possibility of interaction and the whole cellular environment has a type of role to engage in the complex day to day regulation of our eukaryotic cells.

Because L. pneumophila is foreign to the body, it induces an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. Antibody production is apart of the adaptive immunity, also referred to as specific immunity. Dendritic cells are messengers between both the adaptive and innate immune responses. These cells are antigen-presenting cells. Dendritic cells function by processing antigen material and presenting it on the cell surface to T cells. T cells are associated with cell-mediated immunity. They attack abnormal cells as well as cells that is infected by a pathogen. There are four major categories of T cells, and they include cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, helper T cells, and suppressor T cells. Cytotoxic T cells immediately attack infected

Adaptive, or acquired, immunity refers to antigen-specific defence mechanisms that take several days to become protective and are designed to react with and remove a specific antigen. This is immunity develops throughout life.

The immune system is comprised of two responses: the adaptive immune response and the innate immune response. The first line of defence against invading organisms is classified as the innate immune response and the second line of defence and protection against re- exposure to the same pathogen is known as the adaptive immune response.