Sudan In The 1890's: Country Analysis

Colonial rule began in the mid 1800s and divided the land inhabited by ethnic Somalis into several territories. The French controlled the northernmost region (the area that is now Djibouti), the British colonized northern

Through internal conflicts of north and south, Sudan were able to rid of the British-Egyptian. “Sudan gained independence from the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, the joint British and Egyptian government that administered Sudan. At the time, the new country was 1/3 the size of the contiguous U.S. and hosted about 600 ethnic groups speaking over 400 languages.” With all the different ethnic groups in the area the joint British and Egyptian government would not be able to handle all inner conflicts of multiple situations such as, territory, religion, tribal groups, language, and mainly northern and southern conflicts. Causing the British and Egyptian century long control of Sudan to come to an end. With the end of one control of power leading independence, the first civil war between the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army and Arab government began. “The First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan… The first civil war in Southern Sudan is a crucial chapter in the national narrative of Sudan after independence.” The first civil war was caused by the change of region from Egyptian to the British rule. The Egyptians had Sudan split into two regions a north region and a south region. However when the British took control both regions were merged into a single area, as part of a British strategy. The merging of the two regions caused major conflicts between religions in the area, with Southern Sudan being inhabited by mostly Christians and Animists, while most of the north were Muslims who were culturally Arabic. Once British and Egypt granted Sudan their independence, that is when conflicts because to heat up drastically and the first civil war was in progress. The results of the first Sudanese civil war were continuous conflicts that had sparked a second civil war in the

The Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice Equality Movement took arms against the Sudanese government, which was later named “The War in Darfur”. Which sparked the anger of the government and sent their military to begin murdering many villages, that were non Arabs. In many accounts reported about 2 million were killed over 2 decades.Scarce resources played a huge role in the mass killings of Sudanese (non arab).

This demonstrates the lack of technological development in Sudan, even many years after

Sudan has had internal problems for many years. The country negatively affected itself from within. No outer force caused the issues at hand. Sudan experiences their first civil war in 1956. The issue came from economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim and non-Arab southern Sudanese. The war lasted for about sixteen years and finally concluded in 1972. Unfortunately the violence

Imperialism in Africa During the age of imperialism, European powers were fighting to have the most territory. To have the most was to be the best. These countries did everything to gain new territory in Africa and many other places around the world. European imperialism of Africa from 1880 to 1914 was motivated by greed for power and the image of power given by these gained territories, a desire for financial gain and the gain of resources, and the idea of “the white man’s burden” that it was the Europeans’ fundamental right to educate and civilize the people in the conquered lands. Every country in Europe wanted to imperialize to be stronger than all of the others.

These people did not have proper roads they didn't have any buildings, they did not have clean water, so be appreciative of what you have. This book was written because it strides towards freedom of war and keeping peace. Sudan has had two wars now, the first civil war in the years 1955 to 1972, and the second Sudanese Civil War went on in the years 1983 to 2005.

Salva Kiir was one of the actors working hard fighting for this newly acquired independence, and once independence was achieved he became the president of the new government, which was being funded by “billions of dollars of aid.” President Kiir belongs to the Dinka ethnic group, which has the largest majority of the state. Kiir appointed Riek Machar, who comes from the Nuer ethnic group, as Vice President, so as to give representation to the second largest ethnic group of South Sudan, an attempt to create peace and sense of unity.

Darfur is one of the nine states of The Republic of Sudan in the southern region of Sudan. Khartoum became the capital of Sudan and “wealthy Northern Arabs from around the Nile River received control of the government. Darfur and Southern Sudan were excluded from any real power” (Levy 16). Khartoum used starvation as a weapon of war, they prevented workers from delivering food to those who needed it in the south even though Khartoum clearly knew this was a violation of international law. Due to the lack of food over 500,000 people starved to death in the years of 1992 and 1993 (20). The United States and other countries of the international community pressured Sudan to begin discussing peace talks in 2001 and in the next few years. However, even though the peace talks were signed both parties failed to hold up their end of the compromise. This continued to happen in the next few years, each time the peace talks failed (20 and 29-31). Along with the starvation, drought water shortages, crop destruction by locusts, famine, and disease were recurring problems in Darfur (18).

The civil war was the caused by Khartoum’s failure to respond to the economic needs of a large region of Sudan, called Darfur. Thus, through neglect, a people were left economically marginalized and with a lack of political representation. Eventually, through desperation, a rebellion led mainly by non-Arab Muslim tribes was brought against the mainly

The second civil war started in 1983 because of longstanding issues uplifted by then President Jaafar Nimeiri's choice to implement Sharia law. Arrangements between the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army, or SPLM/An of southern Sudan occurred in 1988 and 1989, however were deserted when General Omar al-Bashir took power in the 1989 through military coup. The Fighting over resources, southern self-determination, and the role of religion in the state raged between the Sudanese government and the SPLM/A for over two decades. The war left two and a half million people dead and four million people displaced. (Enoughproject.org)

Now Sudan has a huge amount of cotton trees, this would be an important resource for Britain to control. Now if Britain controlled it it would have a great advantage, because cotton is used in the textile industry, which is the making of fabrics. If Britain controlled it it would have a great advantage because a lot of famous clothes designers would buy it to make fabric, thus making clothes for sale. By doing this Britain benefited from the cotton controlled from Sudan. Britain is selling cotton to the clothes designers all around the world, making their country more powerful by having more money and expanding their products all around the world, for other countries to buy.

This Law seriously violated the 1972 peace agreement, forcing the south to adopt Arab culture, language and the religion of Islam. The Nimeiry government was strengthening Sudan’s ties to Egypt and Saudi Arabia, as economic hardships drew it away from the Soviet Union and closer to western nations. During the 1980’s, strikes, riots and shortages of goods and services had devastated the nation. The discovery of natural resources, such as minerals and petroleum that were discovered in the south added to the problem. Although the discovery of natural reserves should have helped Sudan’s economic situation, it became another source of conflict between the north and the south over who would control it.

In addition, political aspects have played a role in the roots of the Darfur conflict. The leader, General Omar Hassan Ahmad al- Bashir (who came to power in 1989), is a major source of the problem. Al-

The origin of the war between these two regions goes back to the 1950s when the country, which was previously two separate nations, was made one after World War II by the west. Shortly after this union, Sudan was emancipated from England. 1983 marks the beginning of the violent relations between the North and South Sudan. The initiation of this conflict was brought forth by the Islamic Sudanese of the North, invading with military force the Southern Sudanese Christians . From 1983, it is estimated that at least two million people have been killed in the violent duration of this genocide, most of whom are of the Christian faith and lead non-violent civilian lives. Attention on human trafficking was brought into the international community’s scope with close proximity to the beginning of the violence as two professors from the University of Khartoum shed light on the subject. Ushari Ahmad Mahumud and Suleyman Ali Baldo learned about the genocide and enslavement being practiced on the Dinka people, a tribal group in the southern Sudan, and upon this discovery they dicided to investigate it further. What they found was that raiders from the north were killing the Southern Christian men and kidnapping the women and children to be sold into slavery. The most disturbing part of this discovery was the newfound knowledge that this had been going on for over two years. Professors Mahumud and Baldo