Suitable Population: The DynamicArm is the world’s first elbow joint prosthetic that is controlled

From peg legs and hooks to robotic arms and legs, prosthetics have made an outstanding leap. Prosthetics have enabled amputees to regain mobility and their lives. The advancements in prosthetics have also led to a better understanding in surgical amputation and the construction of prosthetics. The question is what influenced the advancements of prosthetics and how it affected prosthetics. The answer lies within the history and the physiological components of prosthetics. Mobility and function, physiological components, and war all played an important role in the advancements of prosthetics.

To minimize movement, participants were secured to the bed with a non-elastic strap placed over their hips. The study allowed the participants to practice 3-5 s MVCs to ensure contractions could be performed consistently. After training peak oxygen consumption increased from 35.8±1.4 to 39.3±1.6 mL min, this also increased exercise capacity on the ergometer with no effects on total ATP production or force-time integral during the MVC. In the first session, 6 sessions increased contribution of ATPox from 31±2 to 39±2% of total ATP turnover.

The tendency seen is higher power generation in shorter period of time in comparison with normal. The power required to lift a prosthesis may only be $30-40\%$ of the weight of a normal limb and it is this power generated in short period of time. The hip torque required during preswing and early swing is observed to be less in knees with damping and stance resistance. This is due more anteriorally aligned knee axis. This is required to increase the extension moment during heel contact. But at the same time, due to this alignment initiating flexion in preswing and early swing is a challenge.

The Ankle Foot Orthosis at the University of Delaware (AFOUD) contains 2-DOF (inversion/eversion and dorsiflexion/plantarflexion motion) using an actuator, a spring and a damper to steadily maintain appropriate foot position of patient \cite{agrawal2005}. The Knee-Ankle-Foot-Orthosis (KAFO) uses artificial pneumatic muscles being a powered orthosis in walking step \cite{sawicki2009}. The study of gait rehabilitation, human motor adaptation and locomotion energetics were previously done by their work of ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). The Robotic Gait Trainer (RGT) (Figure \ref{fig:rgt}) from the Arizona State University presented a walking device using a tripod mechanism

the brace is used in subjects with lateral humeral epicondylitis, indicating that it helps those in the

Muscle torque is beneficial when multi-joint movement (throwing) taken place with accordance to Central Nervous System, Interaction torque, and the muscles involving when torque occurred. Torque in multijoint limb movements doesn’t only occur from muscles acting at a specific joint, but from interactions due to the rotations of other joints (Hollerbach and FLash, 1982). In this case, it supports Bernstein's idea that muscle torque at the two joints was not necessary related to each other to produce coordinated joint movement (Turvey 1990). The muscle torque (MT) is a measurement of action muscle torque to rotate the joint (Marconi 2008). Moreover, the interaction torque (IT) is one of the self-generated load that is generated by the movement

In the past year, I have gained more I have gained more knowledge in the physical therapy field through observation and hands on experience. Being a part of Spectrum Physical Therapy, I saw new mobility techniques, such as the Mulligan mobilities, new stretches, different uses for each machine and Kinesio taping. In addition, Spectrum Physical Therapy allows me to encounter with a wide variety of patients with different needs for physical therapy. In addition, I am able to ask the physical therapist and physical therapy assistants any questions with unfamiliar protocols in the patients regime.

The wrist is an anatomic linkage bridging the hand to the forearm. Eight bones of carpus and the distal radius and ulna form complex articulation that allow 3 degrees of movement. The hand, relative to the forearm, can flex and extend, pronate and supinate, and deviate ulnar and radial. [17]

Human gait is the movement of an individual’s extremities with respect to kinetic and kinematic elements. Kinetic factors are factors which focus on forces associated with torque, friction, and gravity. Kinematic factors are factors which generally focus on motion which develops upon displacement, velocity, and acceleration. These elements are essential in deciphering the countless trends associated with human gait patterns to further prevent injuries and discover biomechanical information to better the lives of humans. An individual’s lack of balance and susceptibility of falling are two areas derived from the lower extremity function of human gait. These specific areas of lower extremity function significantly influence the daily life of nearly the entire human

While this product is suitable for many individuals who have unilateral or bilateral hand or wrist amputations it is necessary that the user have adequate cognition due to the initial stimulus of the prosthesis being voluntary muscle contraction. Additionally, this prosthesis comes with a hefty price tag and is at the cutting edge of functionality. For this reason a cost

Wheelchair athletes expose their bodies, in particular their upper limbs to extreme movements, positions and range of motion. The demands placed on joints, muscles and surrounding structures by these extreme movements cannot come without consequences and they place athletes at an increased risk of injury and predispose the athletes to biomechanical deficiencies. Wheelchair athletes need to ensure that their propulsion technique is biomechanically efficient in order to reduce the already increased risk of injury seen in wheelchair athletes. It is imperative that movement is functionally advantageous as the athletes use not only their upper limbs for competing and training but for ambulation in every day

The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) measures the ability to perform tasks such as lifting cans, unbuttoning shirts etc. The Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP) evaluates the efficiency and success of prosthetic limbs. The Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire calculates the difficulty for the patients to complete assigned tasks. The results of these tests showed the pain increased from 5·3 (SD 4·73) to 30·7 (14-0) on the ARAT, improved from 9·3 (SD 1·5) to 65·3 (SD 19·4) on the SHAP and from 46·5 (SD 18·7) to 11·7 (SD 8·42) on the DASH survey These outcomes demonstrate the success of the first bionic reconstruction using prosthetic hands by representing the ease for the patients using the bionic arms to complete daily activities. In conclusion, brachial plexus injuries often lead to permanent paralysis of hands, so the use of bionic reconstruction offers a method to regain the ability of performing daily activities. The success of this case opens many doors for further advancements in electromyopgraphic signals and prosthetic hands. The advanced technology can be used for military purposes or anyone with paralysis prohibiting or reducing their motility. This technology allows for patients to regain control of their lost limbs more effectively than with current prosthetic

To draw a good rehabilitation program, assessment on TFAs frequently is done via visual analysis of static and dynamic alignment. Asymmetry static standing posture and gait deviation is frequently seen among TFAs, inclusive of those have completed rehabilitation programmes. There are 8 phases of in a gait cycle. Transfemoral locomotion is complex and now, the deviations of the prosthetic leg in each gait stage will be analysed with two assumptions, the prosthesis

Increased flexibility allows the body to reach full ranges of motion and a body operating in the full range of motion is potentially less likely to be injured. Approximately 98 percent of injuries are avoidable, caused by lack of range of motion and improper movements. The two

2 PhD of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran