Summary: Chapter Nine

The _____________ is a market for converting the currency of one country into that of another.

Indians arrived in America some 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. Archeological findings and Radiocarbon testing suggested that the prehistoric people who populated the Americas were hunters following the herds of wooly mammoths. They walked from Siberia across a land bridge into Alaska. They headed south toward warmer climates, slaughtering the mammoths as they went. As the glaciers melted, the oceans rose and covered this land bridge, creating the present-day Bering Strait and separating Alaska from Russia. By the time Christopher Columbus arrived, they were millions of what might be called First Americans or Amerindians occupying the two continents of Americas. The first noted documentation of the Beringia theory of the peopling of North America was by Jose de

An early 15th-century traveler would be astounded by the expressions of civilization in this 21st century. He or she would be particularly amazed by today’s “America”. The land, once inhabited by the Aztecs, the Incas, and other indigenous groups, underwent a massive global transformation that began in the late 1400s. The European invasion of the Americas in the late 15th century, the Transatlantic Slave Trade between 1500 and 1866, and the Haitian revolution that characterized the late 18th to early 19th century introduced diversity, economic growth and class equality to the native soils. This left a significant mark not only in the Americas but also in global history.

Next, we should consider how they, humans, arrived to the americas in the first place. The most popular theory states that the beringia land bridge that occurred during the ice age receded the water covering a connection between Siberia, Russia and Alaska, U.S. allowing humans and other animals to cross. Other theories include boats being used to cross but aren’t as popular.

In chapter 10, Germany was receiving food from other countries. This is because the disagreements between some countries divided Germany. Joseph Stalin liked the idea of “collectivization.” As a result, many people died due to the lack of food. Mao Zedong did the same thing, and even more people died. Both of them wanted to promote communism, but they ended up killing millions of people. I thought this chapter had a lot of interesting facts like when it talked about Americans feeding the children in Berlin by flying and dropping candy into the area. I had no questions about the chapter.

of people in the continent. But with respect to the passage the origins of first Americans were from Asia due to the

For at least fifteen thousand years, peoples of the Americas lived in isolation from the rest of the world and faced their own specific challenges. It has been suggested that they had fewer potential domestic work animals than the peoples of the Eastern Hemisphere and that the north-south orientation of the Americas made it more difficult for animals and technologies to travel. In the Mesoamerican and Andean regions the domestication of plants and animals and the development of trade and technology led to the rise of social and political complexity. In Mesoamerica, corn, beans, and squash produced dependable agricultural surpluses and enabled craft specialization and social stratification. Another development was the mining of important minerals

The periods following the Upper Paleolithic signalled the dawn of agriculture. Beginning roughly 10,000 years ago, these periods are labelled either the Epipaliolithic/Mesolithic (when referring to the Old World) or the Archaic (when referring to the Americas). This paper will discuss the changes in technology, settlement patterns and social organization, and belief systems related to agriculture while providing specific archeological examples for each. To best understand the impact of agriculture on these respective topics, this paper will limit the extent to which it discusses non-agriculturally inclined cultures.

In today’s society, we feel as though trivial hardships seem like enormous obstacles that prevent us from prevailing in life. Humans in the twenty-first century believe as though the hindrances we encounter are far worse than those of our ancestors. In this sense, we become a tad oblivious to our own history. We have become so accustomed to resources being readily available for us that we never question how the first Americans, who did not have the kinds of resources we have today, created a proficient civilization. The Paleoindians, also referred to as the Clovis People were one of the first inhabitants of the American continents. This historic migration occurred towards the end of the last Ice Age between 10,000-40,000 years ago. The Paleolithic

This landscape was generally limited by the capabilities of the domesticated plants and animals that were available. For this reason, archaeological studies have discovered that “generalized foraging adaptation that incorporated natural plant products as the basis of the calories and supplemented this vegetative base with animal protein obtained by hunting wild game” (Storey 2011, p. 5). This demonstrates the importance of combining traditional foraging and hunting with the domestication of plants and animals in order to maintain the necessary supply of produce for the societies of the time. Because of this, the plants were considered important due to specific purposes that they had in mind. In the tropical regions of Panama, this was the most efficient means of

Before early humans learned to farm the land with seeds ten thousand years ago, hunters and gatherers known as Paleolithic people, obtained food using tools and weapons such as spears, hand axes and flint stones to start a fire for cooking their meals. These groups of twenty to thirty members devoted all of their energy to hunting and gathering food because their survival and customs depended on the hunting success of each member. Hunting and gathering were difficult tasks and did not provide free time, other than to rest at night. Moreover, as the stores of food depleted, Paleolithic people, who were nomadic, were forced to move to find

As time passed, the Pleistocene period ended and the Holocene period began. Accompanying the shift to Holocene was high temperatures that were as much as 2°C (3.6°F) higher than present averages in some places. It may have been because of this climate change or because of human intervention, or both that large game perished with the coming of the Holocene. Lacking the rich game hunting economy that their Pleistocene predecessors had, small bands of American Indians focused on the killing of small game, feeding of aquaculture, and an ever increasing dependency on the collection of specific plant foods.

Asia’s steady but sure cultivation started a fast pace route to civilisation that of which the Americas did not. The Americas environment allowed for small agriculturists with irrigation sites such as at La capas dating 1250 BC. A slow development in contrast to Asia. However the burials at Eva do mirror the evidence found in burial sites such as Ohalo 11: where burials have grave goods and signal some status. Hinting that cognitive development may have evolved just as Asia’s had but the need for agriculture was less intense therefore a later necessity for the north Americans.

The history of the Hunter-Gatherer is something that is easily overlooked and forgotten. A lot of people don’t realize how different it was to get food back when you had to use skill and a lot of patience just get a warm dinner. In this Annotated Bibliography, I am going to look at four different articles that relate and discuss the importance and history of this kind of culture.

greet him at the temple of Enjoin in seven days.”
“Flivio?” Rall laughed, some of the worry disappearing from his brow along with it. “Are you trying to get caught? He tries to impress with that ‘wit’ of his every time he meets someone new.”