Summary: Effects Of Arrest On College Enrollment

2. Kupchik suggests that there are three ways in which a child’s introduction to the system can take place. The first being, it is the first setting in which a “child’s deficits become apparent,” which increase their risk of school failure and incarceration (94). Secondly, he insists that students who underperform, academically, are more likely not to graduate. Thus, without a basic education, these underperforming students are likely to pursue illegitimate activity/careers that lead to incarceration (94). Finally, Kupchik explains that the way a school reacts to a child’s bad behavior is important. He argues that a school’s disciplinary process does not curb a student’s future involvement with the criminal justice system, but can potentially catalyze their involvement with the criminal justice system (94).

Arrests and detentions can influence the social learning of crime when juveniles are directly exposed to other delinquent people and are being labeled as delinquent. Juveniles are more likely to model their delinquent peers because they are under less direct control at their age or they value their peer’s beliefs and actions because they admire their privileges. Even the certainty/ severity of a punishment whether it be through parents, schools, or the juvenile justice system can help deter juveniles from engaging in

The fourth article that I reviewed, focused on labeling theory. In this article, Labeling Effects of First Juvenile Arrests authors Liberman, Kirk, and Kim focused on how the first arrest increases the likelihood of reoffending for juveniles. The idea of labels triggers “secondary sanctioning” processes. Labeling is a powerful mechanism that can lead to crime.

For a portion of their lives, the average person most likely believes that the criminal justice system executes justice and disciplines offenders accordingly. Reflecting upon the United States’ history, it is proven that this is not always the case. When the phrases “school” and “prison” come to mind, they typically have no correlation to each other⎼until the topic of the "school-to-prison pipeline" is introduced. The school-to-prison pipeline refers to policies and procedures within the classroom that push our nation's schoolchildren, especially those most at-risk, out of classrooms and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems. This pipeline reflects the prioritization of incarceration over education. Reform within schools is crucial

Ever since you were little, your parents have been talking about this wonderful thing called college. They told you that you have to go there to get an education before you can get a good job. Many kids have dreamed of going to college, and being able to get the job of their dreams. By putting in hard work and dedication to good grades in high school, you had high hopes that you would be able to get into an Ivy League school. The American dream of being able to go to college to get a degree is sliding away from many people due to rising costs. With increasing tuition prices and job loss, the college dream is slowly and surely slipping away from many students and their families.

The International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies article titled, “Incarcerated Mothers and Fathers: How their Absences Disrupt Children’s High School Graduation” by Huynh-Hohnbaum, Bussell, and Lee (2015) details a great deal of research on how parental incarceration affects the children in regards to education. Lately, along with the entire justice system, parental incarceration has also been scrutinized for its effects on the children of incarcerated parents and how well they do in school as well as the other effects an incarcerated parent has on other aspects of a child’s life. Huynh-Hohnbaum, Bussell and Lee (2015) point out that having an incarcerated mother seems to have a greater effect on a child, but having either parent

College has always been used as a means to an end, with that end being their American Dream. Through college, they would gain knowledge that could help them achieve that dream. Over the recent years, with the economic troubles, people have shifted from the idea of

America prides itself on having what no other country can offer, The American dream. The United States offers someone to have freedom to make a name for themselves and become an entrepreneur in any industry they want. Therefore, it is easy for immigrants to come from other countries and have a chance to succeed in life. Every American wishes to be the great corporate executive officer (CEO) of a thriving company to make millions of dollars; however, achieving this goal becomes extremely difficult when you find out the great challenges that every CEO has to overcome. Aside from trying to become a successful entrepreneur, The American dream also consists of gaining an education. Completing an education in the 21st century is having a

Mass incarceration has been a huge social problem since the 1980s; it came hand in hand with the war on drugs. Elliott Currie, a professor of criminology and law, suggests that building more prisons, imposing longer sentences, and applying harsh punishments will not lower the incarceration rate. In his chapter on “Assessing the Prison Experiment,” he explained that the increase of crime rate is not the sole reason that mass incarceration occurs, and it was also because courts

The Urban Institute Study also studied the effect of a variety of Truth in Sentence reforms that were put into practices in the States for the period of the early-to mid-1990’s on their prison population. The study conducted a quantitative examination of crime, arrest, population, and corrections data from seven States that focused on whether State Truth in Sentence reform actually paved the road to changes in punishments for offenders who were violent and also increased the prison population. The study found that possibility of a prison admission given arrest for serious violent offenses did not automatically increase. However, the use of incarceration augmented in four States, but diminished in the other three. But, there was an increase in expected stay depending on the severity of punishment for serious

Therefore, the Arnold Foundation’s study reveals that the “hidden costs of jail” are increased rates of recidivism among low and moderate risk offenders when they spend anywhere from two to thirty days in pretrial detention (Lowenkamp, VanNostrand, & Holsinger, 2013). Jail to the general public is believed to be a place where offenders are held for punishment, rehabilitation and ultimately to protect the public. The study conducted by the Arnold Foundation contradicts this belief. Low and moderate risk offenders generally are not rehabilitated from their stay in jail and the public’s safety is not increased by their pretrial detention. Once released from pretrial detention these defendants are more likely to recidivate than if they had been

Most people have preconceived notions regarding the relationship between social class and delinquency. A common assumption is that lower-class juveniles are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than their higher-class counterparts. Criminologists have performed a large number of studies examining the socio-demographic characteristics of delinquents, which often yielded contradictory results. When analyzing the extent and trend of juvenile delinquency in the United States conclusions can be drawn from estimates derived from arrest records, self-reports, and victimization data. Arrest estimates, self-reported information, and victimization data provide different estimates of the extent of delinquency in the United States (Maxfield et

Contemporary criminological approaches to life-course theory place importance on the factors taking place in each phase of life (classified as childhood, adolescence, and adulthood) and how those factors piece a role in the contribution of criminal behavior. Childhood elements Development events regarding primarily on parental guidance and a single parent household is a common scenario. Studies have displayed a higher risk for criminal activity later in one’s life if the adaptation to social bonds are not instilled in the adolescence phase (Piquero, 2015). When adolescents are proficient to excel in institutions such as schools, churches, and community centers they are less likely to turn to criminal activities to occupy their time (Piquero, 2015).

The authors address a significant gap in the literature on school punishment by being the first to examine the cumulative effect of school suspension on future contact with the criminal justice system. Using longitudinal hierarchical generalized linear models, the authors discovered two important findings: 1) youth who receive school suspension have an increased likelihood of experiencing arrest over time, and 2) youth who are suspended are more likely to be arrested than their non-suspended counterparts. From a theoretical standpoint, the authors conclude that school suspension may serve as a negative turning point within the life history of youth who are affected, thus fitting in with the life-course perspective. School suspension is also

It seems the longer criminals stay, again the more punitive the sentencing, the higher chance of recidivism. “Based upon the existing evidence, both crime and imprisonment can be simultaneously reduced if policy-makers reconsider their overreliance on severity based policies such as long prison sentences” (Wright, 12).There is an infinite amount of variables contributing to the rate of recidivism.Three extralegal variables are included in the analysis: age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Age, one of the most robust predictors of recidivism, is measured from the offender’s date of birth, supplied by state Department of Corrections files. Aside from the length of time and stay in prison, each criminal and criminal act is different. Younger offenders are more likely to recidivate than older offenders (Benedict, Huff-Corzine, & Corzine, 1998; Hepburn & Albonetti 1994). Male’s recidivate more than female, (BJS). Both male and female prisoners come from different communities, families, but in the male population alone the criminals are sentenced differently. African Americans (63.9 months) were given longer sentences on average, followed by Caucasian s (58.0 months) and Hispanics (52.8 months) (McGovern, 319). Since African Americans and Hispanics are given longer sentences their recidivism rate is much higher than that of Caucasian . These different variables are major flaws in the criminal justice system that needs to be taken into consideration. Additional problems when they are