Summary: Electrodosterone And Vasopressin

After drinking water, the control and test subjects had gradual increase of urine flow, reaching a peak then decreasing again, whereas the desmopressin subject had decreased urine flow after taking the hormone, thereafter plateauing. According to the Dunnett’s t test between the urine flow of the subjects, the urine flow of the treatment subjects was significantly different to that of the control.

4. B.J. receives subcutaneous 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (ddAVP) to manage his high urine output. What is the rationale for this therapy? How can effectiveness be assessed?

Water showed a trend opposite to that of Gatorade and coffee: the volume of urine began high and decreased quickly over time.

Cortisol production is stimulated by ACTH secretion from the anterior pituitary via numerous feedback mechanisms according to the circadian rhythm, with peak levels in the early morning and smaller fluctuations throughout the day. ACTH secretion is stimulated by CRH in the hypothalamus which is stimulated by things such as: decreases in plasma cortisol, hypoglycemia, stress, and infection. Secretion of ACTH leads to conversion of cholesterol to cortisol in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland via various cytochrome P450 enzymes. Increased levels of cortisol itself cause negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus. The zona glomerulosa is the site of production of Aldosterone, the principal mineralocorticoid, via similar mechanisms (cytochrome p 450.) Aldosterone production is stimulated by activation of the renin angiotensin system in response to decreased intravascular volume (sensed by baroreceptors), decreased sodium levels sensed in the macula densa of the nephron, and by the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress.

The stimulus produced a change that lead to decreases in blood volume and hydration. The change, detected by the hypothalamus, the control centre, which maintains homeostasis, initiates the pituitary gland to secrete ADH. This is used to prevent dehydration by retaining water and explains the low volume of urine. Furthermore, the adrenal glands secrete aldosterone, signalling the kidney to reabsorb more sodium, increasing blood volume. Since chips are high in sodium, more concentrated urine was produced as the heart secretes ANP to enable the out flow of sodium. The electrolyte drink and water had similar results. The frequency of colour one increased significantly and colour five decreased, indicating more dilute urine due to drinking large amounts of liquids. Secretion of ADH would have slowed down of ceased as reabsorption of water was not required, therefore, large amounts of dilute urine was excreted. Water had a higher frequency of colour one than the electrolyte drink as it does not contain sodium, whereas electrolyte drinks do and hence, had more people with urine of colours three and four. This is an example of a negative feedback system as the hypothalamus detects a change generated by a stimulus and initiates the appropriate glands to secrete specific hormones to respond and correct the change.

Patients with DKA are usually severely dehydrated. This is a result from polyuria and osmotic diuresis. Osmotic diuresis occurs when the concentration of glucose is higher than the reabsorption capacity of the kidney, so glucose remains in the filtrate. This increases the osmotic pressure which causes an increase in water and potassium to be excreted out into the

The author Julianna Kettlewell, a BBC News Online science staff member, uploaded an article on Wednesday June 16, 2004 which gives us information on how a new gene can alter the Don Juan of voles to go from not caring for their wives or children to an excellent home-loving husband. She describes how a new gene called vasopressin boosts pair-bonding in voles. Before this experiment, the prairie voles would not have sentimental relationships with their partners and have multiple partners at once, likely due to the fact that scientists found that the voles had little vasopressin (V1a) receptors in their forebrain, known as the ventral pallidum region. Scientists hypothesized that if they would inject these vasopressin hormones into the forebrain section they would get a “taming” effect and make a loving husband.

2. Sodium - Sodium is responsible for causing fluid retention in the body. Some of the

A decrease of water in the blood is perceived by the Hypothalamus. The Hypothalamus nerve cells produce a kind of water pill hormone called (ADH). ADH hormones enters the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and exist through the rear lobe of the pituitary gland. ADH starts an increase in the absorption of water to the distal consulate tubes and collecting ducts of the nephron. Water is transported from being filtered back into the blood, causing an increase collection of water in the blood leading to more blood volume. Therefore, increasing the blood pressure and decreasing the urine output amounts.

Both 1 & 2 slow down the fluid lost in urine and 3 increases the urine flow rate thus ridding the body of excess water faster.

When it comes to treatment of removal of fluid retention, diuretic had been known to be the best drug of choice. Diuretic reduces the risk of death and worsening of cardiac failure. Loop

The association between Arginine vasopressin and visual processing is one of the least studied regions when it comes to AVP and sensory integration links although many visual inputs enter brain regions which are comprised of vasopressin receptors. One of the few studies that research this link includes an exploration of visual opsin sequences in diverse vertebrate animals. The researchers claimed that the visual opsins and AVP receptors are located together in the same genomic region(130). For instance, in chickens, it was claimed that a visual opsin was sharing a genomic region with AVT in the neurons. Nonetheless, even though the other functions of opsins besides the visual ones are still unknown, a study performed in Japan hypothesize that the pigments are permitting the neurons to react to light and contribute with coordination of behavior (Bester et al. 2015).

Patient C is an 18 year old healthy female. She has great difficulty producing a very small volume of urine, despite the fact that she has not urinated since the morning. It is discovered that she has only had one donut and two cups of coffee all day. The patient’s urine is an orange/ yellow colour and is very dark, however there is no odor exhibited from the urine, it also has a pH of 6.0. The patient’s urine has no glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, or nitrite. There is also no evidence of blood cells in the urine. The patient’s urine seems to be completely normal, despite the fact that it is very dark. This patient is most likely dehydrated. She finds it very difficult to produce urine, meaning, and the only liquids she has drunk since

It retains substances needed by the body, including water, glucose, amino acids, and ions, such as sodium potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phostphate. Reabsorption of Na+ is especially important because more of them pass the glomerular filter than any other substance except water. Sodium ions are reabsorbed in each portion of the renal tubule by several transport systems. Active transport of Na+ promotes reabsorption of water by osmosis. The loss of water from the filtrate creates a concentration gradient for some substances, such as K+, Cl-, HC03-, and urea, that promotes their reabsorption by passive diffusion. The loop of henle reabsorbs about 30% of the filtered K+, 20% filtered Na+, 35% of filtered Cl-, and 15% of the filtered water. Here reabsorption of water by osmosis is not automatically coupled to reabsorption of filtered solutes. Thus, there can only be independent regulation of both your total body water and the osmotic pressure of body fluids. Two hormones, Aldosterone, and Antidiuretic Hormone or ADH, regulate reabsorption in the final portion of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. About 90% of the reabsorbed water occurs with the reabsorption of solutes such as sodium and glucose, the rest is regulated by ADH. Whereas tubular reabsorption returns substances from the filtrate to the blood, tubular secretion removed materials that are not needed by the body from the blood and adds them to the filtrate. Secreted substances include potassium, hydrogen, and ammonium ions, as well as certain drugs and wastes. Tubular secretion has two principle effects, rids the body of certain materials, and helps to control blood pH by secreting H+ ions and increasing or decreasing HC03-

Treatment with water, caffeine, alcohol, and gatorade and the effects on urine output, pH, Na+ excretion, and solid excretion were tested at 30 minute intervals for 2 hours. It was found that urine production for each treatment group increased after 30 minutes, increased further after 60 minutes, and then began to decrease. Mean increases in urine production were only significant for Gatorade in the first 90 minutes (an increase of 40% at 30-60 minutes, and a decrease of 73% at 60-90 minutes) and for caffeine over 60-90min (a 48% decrease). The average pH for each treatment group became more acidic by 90-120 minutes. Mean differences over each time