Summary : ' Las Principales Secreciones '

The endocrine system is a very important part of the anatomy and physiology of the human body. Knowing and understanding how this system operates and what contributes to its failures can be helpful in understanding how the body contributes to overall health and wellness. The purpose of this essay is to highlight and describe the adreanal glands, an important component of the endocrine system. In this analysis, this essay will describe the location and normal physiology of the adrenal glands and discuss the hormones that are associated with this part of the body. Also the feedback mechanisms and communication system within the group of endocrine glands will be discussed. Finally a malfunction of the adrenal glands will also be introduced to highlight how disease and illness can negatively impact the endocrine system and the human body's means of healing.

Cortisol plays a major role in the development of this disorder. It is secreted by the adrenal gland, located above the kidneys, in a precise sequence of events. The hypothalamus directs corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH) to the pituitary gland.1 CRH causes the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropin hormone(ACTH) activate the adrenal glands.1 The adrenal glands pick up the ACTH, they reciprocate by releasing cortisol in the bloodstream.1 Cortisol helps with quite a few of your body functions. Some of these functions are stress response, balancing the effects of insulin, reducing the immune system’s inflammatory response, regulating

Cortisol production is stimulated by ACTH secretion from the anterior pituitary via numerous feedback mechanisms according to the circadian rhythm, with peak levels in the early morning and smaller fluctuations throughout the day. ACTH secretion is stimulated by CRH in the hypothalamus which is stimulated by things such as: decreases in plasma cortisol, hypoglycemia, stress, and infection. Secretion of ACTH leads to conversion of cholesterol to cortisol in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland via various cytochrome P450 enzymes. Increased levels of cortisol itself cause negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus. The zona glomerulosa is the site of production of Aldosterone, the principal mineralocorticoid, via similar mechanisms (cytochrome p 450.) Aldosterone production is stimulated by activation of the renin angiotensin system in response to decreased intravascular volume (sensed by baroreceptors), decreased sodium levels sensed in the macula densa of the nephron, and by the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress.

These receptors can be responsible for male sexual differentiation and male pubertal changes due to the fact that these receptors are responsible for signaling and movement of steroids into the cell membrane. These receptors are found in skeletal muscles, prostate, liver, and the central nervous system (CNS), by the majority is found in the prostate, adrenal gland, and epididymis. The adrenal gland is responsible for the production and excretion of hormones necessary to maintain homeostasis. The prostate is responsible for maintenance of fluid necessary for the motility of sperm for fertilization of the embryo. The epididymis is responsible for the maturation of

Tropic hormones are hormones that target other endocrine glands to release other hormones. For the purpose of this report only Adrenocorticotropic hormone will be further described. After Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus it encounters Corticotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. Corticotropes release ACTH and as a result and the hormone travels to the Adrenal gland cortex where it will prompt the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids. There are three types of corticosteroids in the Adrenal Gland: mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, and androgen. Mineralocorticoids release aldosterone which promote sodium and water reabsorption. Glucocorticoids prevent hyperglycemia (low glucose levels) with the help of cortisol that influence energy metabolism to increase blood glucose levels. Androgens secrete testosterone that promote male characteristics. The adrenal medulla releases two different type of hormones known as endorphins that works as the body's natural pain killers and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) that aid with the formation of skin pigmentation. Now that a brief understanding of the endocrine system was discussed I will move on to how a disruption of these mechanisms can result

The stress hormone that we release when are stressed is called Cortisol. Cortisol is an important hormone in the body and is secreted by the adrenal glands. It is at it’s highest levels in the morning and should only be released in short bursts of time. Cortisol is used within the body to maintain proper glucose metabolism, regulation of blood pressure, release insulin for blood sugar maintenance, immune function, and inflammatory response. Short terms effects of cortisol are small effects are a quick burst of energy for survival reasons, increased memory functions, a burst of increased immunity, lower sensitivity to pain, and helps maintain homeostasis in the body.

According to Clark, Sutton, & Lucett, (2014), “cortisol is typically referred to as a catabolic hormone”. When your

The symptoms and/or effects of having the disorder: Adrenal gland secrete aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormone, and adrenaline. However, if it did not working properly, It affect the body’s adrenal glands where the 21-hyroxylase enzymes is found in. CAH is a variant forms of sexual differentiation which is a masculinization

| D141 Endocrine system – Life Science Team – Group 1Health & Nutrition Student online presentation

Cortisol – commonly known as “the stress hormone” – is a steroid hormone regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, an interaction of endocrine glands thought to be crucial in adapting to behavioural and environmental changes. Cortisol effects many functions within the body, including control of blood sugar levels, regulating the metabolism, reducing inflammation and assisting in immune responses (Randall, 2010; Shu-Fen et al. 2015). The main function of cortisol is to restore homeostasis to the body following stress, and it is the primary hormone responsible for the stress response. Fluctuation of cortisol levels throughout the day is normal for humans, however, sustained high levels of cortisol can have adverse effects. These can include serious health implications

To date, the majority of studies have investigated cortisol responses using samples of serum, saliva, or urine (Russsel et al. 2013). Since saliva and serum samples provide a measurement of the cortisol concentration at a single point in time they can be used to test acute changes. Plasma cortisol levels peak in the early morning, and gradually decrease after in healthy individuals. A normal response of the HPA axis to an acute stressor is marked by a rapid increase in plasma cortisol levels followed by a relatively rapid return to baseline. Assessment of cortisol concentration in saliva has been validated in several species and it is noninvasive and more convenient than that of blood or urine (Schonreiter et al. 1999). There are some limitations

It is also suggested that the Glycyrrhetinic acid increases circulating and salivary levels of unconjugated deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone by inhibiting their conjugation at source within the adrenal cortex through changing the expression of SULT 2A1 mRNA so it has androgenic properties

According to Shier, Butler & Lewis (2009) “other glands that produce hormones and thus are parts of the endocrine system include the pineal gland and the thymus gland”. Shier et al., 2009 argued the pineal gland, located deep between the cerebral hemispheres, secretes hormone melatonin that acts on certain brain regions that function as a biological clock. The changing levels of melatonin across 24 hours enable the body to know when day is and when is night.

Testosterone and Estradiol are important in regulating negative feedback mechanism of GnRH, LH and FSH. The present study examines the effects of exogenous testosterone and estradiol administration on the reproductive efficacy of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Testosterone and Estradiol was administrated into rats for a period of two weeks. After the two-week period, their reproductive organs were measured as well as levels of testosterone. The results were compared to control group of male rats who were housed under the same conditions. The experimental groups treated with exogenous sex steroids were infertile, with no sperm motility and reduced size of sex organs. Illustrating the importance of negative feedback and regulation of hormones controlling

There are times where specialists require some assistance in discovering the particular issues and states of their patients. At the point when specialists need to be certain about what their patients' conditions are, they take body liquid or tissue tests from them and forward these examples to the pathology advisors.