Summary: Mixed Contamination

Individuals of the same ethnic background share the same culture a factor that explains that there, as many cultures as there are ethnic backgrounds across the world. Globalization has, however, led to interaction of people from varied cultural backgrounds. Because of the interaction, globalization has been accused of limiting cultural diversity. It is, however, not the case in reality. The purpose of this paper is to analyze some of the factors that justify that globalization has not limited cultural diversity as its critics say. Thus, globalization should not be viewed as a hindrance to cultural diversity because the best subject of moral concern should be the individual person and not the nation, community or the society.

Someone hands you a container of a mysterious white mixture, and they give you the task to figure out what it is. What would you do to solve the problem at hand? Many scientists might find physical and chemical properties to figure it out. The scientists might look for, odor change, temperature change, fizzing, and bubbling for chemical properties. They also inspect the mixtures for physical properties before a chemical reaction occurs, including shape, size, color, texture, and smell. The Eighth grade thinks that the mystery mixture is C6H8O7(Citric Acid) and NaHCO3(Baking Soda).

Since this is my fist toxicology course, I found it interesting to learn the variety of pathways that toxicants access to enter the human body and aquatic organisms. Even more so, the way our cells respond to the intake of such toxicants. In addition, learning the way aquatic organisms are impacted by toxicants in stream and stream sediments. Furthermore, I can use this knowledge in a career and also for my own curiosity to investigate my surroundings or spread awareness.

There are multiple precautions that can be taken to help prevent the spread of the infection and eventually kill it altogether. To keep the bacteria spreading the workers must be careful to keep anything that may move from an infected pond to a healthy pond clean.

Humans are primarily exposed to mercury through the consumption of freshwater and marine animals that have accumulated methylmercury in their fatty tissues 4. Mercury is absorbed in gastrointestinal (GI) tissues through dietary consumption. From the GI tract, mercury enters surrounding tissues and the blood stream where it can be transported throughout the body 8. The health consequences of mercury are resultant of the intracellular binding of organelles essential for cellular function 3. Thus, mercury exposure at a cellular level can cause cellular degradation and eventual

Many animal studies have shown that lead is capable of causing oxidative stress in many organs (Patra et al., 2001). Toxicity of lead is mainly attributed to the induction of oxidative stress by disruption of the pro-oxidant/anti-oxidant balance, elevation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) such as superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and lipid peroxides, and nitric oxide (Kumar and Reddy, 2012). Currently, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), derives from L-Cysteine and the precursor of glutathione (GSH), is a well-established cyto-protective drug against drugs induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (Whyte et al., 2007; Akbulut et al., 2014), where it exerts antioxidant properties. L-Cysteine was utilized as a chelator of heavy metal to conserve against oxidative stress and inhibit damage to cells and tissues. L-cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a nutritionally occurring non-essential amino

Trivalent (arsenite) and pentavalent (arsenate) arsenic produce different effects on cells, yet there is little distinction between the two forms of arsenic when discussing signs and symptoms of poisoning. An important fact to note is that during the metabolism of arsenate, 50-70% of it will be reduced to arsenite in the first step of the process. Therefore, the differences in the cell effects are seen from the 30-50% of the pentavalent arsenic unchanged via the bioactivation step of oxidizing glutathione or enzymatically catalyzed by arsenate reductase.1,2

Mercury is a chemical element of heavy silver and white metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures. The main use of mercury is the making of thermometers and barometers. Sometimes mercury is used as an electrode in the production of batteries. Mercury can be very toxic and harmful to the human body. If inhaled it can cause destruction to the nervous, digestive, and immune systems and can even be fatal. Mercury is found in many natural sources such as volcanos, forest fires, and fossil fuels (coal and petroleum). Studies show power plants to be the largest source of mercury in the United States. Humans can prevent mercury contamination in several ways. When shopping for items such as thermometers, try to get them “mercury free.”

Chemical-induced organ and tissue toxicity is a worldwide health concern. Liver toxicity, because of the primary role of the liver in the metabolism, detoxification, and elimination of xenobiotics, caused by the exposure to the growing number of chemical toxicants in the form of agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical products and food components, additives, and contaminants is the most common organ injury [1-3]. Toxicant-associated liver injury has been associated with a broad spectrum of liver pathologies ranging from acute necrosis to several types of chronic pathological states, including simple hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), toxic liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis [1,3]. Furthermore, some toxicants may act as carcinogens causing the development of cancer not only in the liver, but in other human organs and tissues as well [4,5]. This indicates that detecting, evaluating, and predicting the potential human risk posed by chemicals continues to remain of great importance.

In addition to a direct damage to DNA caused by BPDE, exposure to benzo[a]pyrene and its subsequent metabolism by the cytochrome P450 enzymes resulted results in the generation of reactive oxygen species and

Contamination in critical areas is a major problem, one that no measure of complete assurance can be obtained. The best approach is lower the possibilities through disciplined procedures, habits, and decontamination controls. Once a contamination has been detected inside an ISO classified space it is often too late. Time and energy will be spent cleaning, disinfecting, and investigating the cause of the outbreak. The FDA is unrelenting with surveillance of health systems compounding facilities. In one such inspection, they found mold in two of its facilities. In one health system facility, fungi were found via air sampling in the anteroom. The other facility the fungi were found in a refrigerated shipment from a drug wholesaler. Specifically,

Cleanroom contamination can come from many different sources. When it comes to a pharmaceutical facility most of the contamination within can be traced to humans, personnel, that are working in the cleanrooms.

The topic of this video was the FDA’s new policy on preventing contamination outbreaks. This new reform makes it mandatory for producers to provide some type of safety plan that will prevent contamination, before a product can be sold to the public. Most factory producers were okay with this reform, however smaller producers and local farmers felt that they should have slightly different rules since they are not producing as much, as quickly. I disagree with the smaller farmers who believe that they should have different regulations. Although they do serve a smaller population, according to the information provided in the video, there is still an equal chance that some of their products can get contaminated. In my opinion, if one person gets ill from bacteria that could have been prevented, that is one too many.

Arsenic trioxide is used as ingredient compounds like insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, glass, and ceramic [17]. Arsenic trioxide is carcinogen. Strong epidemiological evidence of cancer is in people exposed to arsenic trioxide, like cancers of lung, bladder, kidney, prostate, liver, breast, skin and colon [18]. Trivalent arsenic in the liver converted to non toxic compounds. Arsenic trioxide after ingestion during the methylation reaction as dimethylarsenic acid (50%), methylarsonic acid (14%), pentavalent arsenic (8%) and trivalent arsenic (8%) excreted in urine. The majority of these compounds excreted through the kidneys and a little excreted in feces [19,20].

Chronic cadmium poisoning can result in nephrotoxicity, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, testicular necrosis, prostatic and testicular cancers, renal failure and neurodegenerative conditions (Yu et al., 2007). Moreover, it was reported that spermatogenesis is disturbed by free radical toxicity (Aruldhas et al., 2005) . It depletes many essential metal antioxidants including selenium in the body (Sato and Takizawa, 1982). Apparently, its exposure results in decreases of glutathione (GSH) levels which causes an increase in reactive oxygen species leading to increase in lipid peroxidation, change intercellular stability, damage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), membranes and consequently inducing cell death (Stohs et al., 2000). The metal accumulates in human body affecting negatively several organs: liver, kidney, lungs, bones, placenta, brain and central nervous system (Castro-González and Méndez-Armenta, 2008). Therefore, the maximum concentration limit for cadmium (II) ions in drinking water must be strictly regulated. The World Health Organization (WHO), set a maximum guideline concentration of 0.003 mg/L for cadmium (II) in drinking water (WHO, 2008). Hence, there is great interest regarding the removal of cadmium from wastewater streams.