Summary Of Activation Of Mtorc1

Towards the end of his medical training in the early 1980s, Gokhan Hotamisligil was working on a unique tumor case on a patient and found they were comprised primarily of fat cells. The fatty tumors were due to a rare condition, Proteus Syndrome. Working in the field of metabolic regulation Hotamisligil began to explore the underlying pathways for insulin resistance. In his dissertation he discovered that the fat tissue of obese animals and humans were capable of producing inflammatory mediators. His research helped shape the current view of fat tissue as a “discrete, active organ in its own right, continuously exchanging messages with the rest of the body by way of the bloodstream.” By early 2002 Hotamisligil and his laboratory made

Although the mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood, it is confirmed that obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. There are multiple etiologies for this imbalance, hence, and the rising prevalence of obesity cannot be addressed by a single etiology (Dehghan et al., 2005, p.

On a molecular level, fat tissue is normally the largest organ in humans and is involved in mechanisms and pathways that deal with longevity. Fat tissue is not only involved in energy storage but is also important in immune and endocrine function, thermoregulation, mechanical protection, and tissue regeneration (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Adipose tissue is able to protect against infection and trauma. It is also able to produce and activate hormones, including IL-6, IGF-1, and glucocorticoids, as well as prevent heat loss (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Throughout life, changes in fat distribution and function is constantly occurring and in older individuals, these changes correspond to a number of health disorders like hypertension, cancers, cognitive dysfunction, and diseases like diabetes, heart attacks, and strokes, as previously noted (Tchkonia et al., 2010). As people age, their body composition increases in fat mass and decreases in muscle mass, regardless of their body weight or BMI (Dorner and Rieder, 2011).

forces the body to dip into its reserve energy stores. In removing fat, however, essential fatty

Insulin is a hormone that is produced from what is known as the “islets of Langerhans”, discovered by German Histologist Paul Langerhans, and is required for the utilization of glucose in muscle cells for energy. If the muscles are deprived of glucose for energy conversion, the muscles begin to utilize fat for energy (Roth). This however has toxic side effects, such as the production of high blood levels of Ketone bodies or otherwise known as Acetone. In high quantities, Acetone will accumulate in the blood, leading to brain damage and the possibility of brain death (Roth).

Obesity is defined as the excessive build-up of body fat that has major detrimental effects on an individual’s health (Caballero, 2007). The major cause of this excess accumulation of body fat is due to a positive energy balance i.e. when the input of energy into the body system exceeds the output of energy which in turn facilitates in weight gain (Caballero, 2007). Obesity is a major health issue in modern day society, firstly because it affects approximately 300 million people worldwide (Weight Management Centre and secondly, drastic alteration in the body’s fat intake also leads to the increasing prevalence of other major health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, non-insulin dependent diabetes and hypertension (WMC, 2010).

Previous studies found that evodiamine has the anti-obesity effects. The possible mechanisms were proposed. Part of anti-obesity effects of evodiamine was thought to be enhancement of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) thermogenesis through β3-adrenergic

While typical healthy individuals use insulin to draw sugar into their cells for energy usage,

This results in an increase in appetite and stimulation of catabolic activity, such as glycolysis (Lim et al., 2013). However, it causes a decline in AMPK activity in the liver and adipose tissue, which can lead to inhibition of anabolic processes, such as lipogenesis (Kola et al., 2005; Lim et al., 2013). AMPK also plays a key role in cellular energy homoeostasis in relation to the opposing effects of leptin and ghrelin in the hypothalamus (Kola et al., 2005). Moreover, the enzyme, AMPK, is involved in a major pathway associated with the regulation of appetite and metabolism (Kola et al.,

The leptin hormone is derived from adipose (fat) tissues. This circulating hormone is used to communicate to the central nervous system (CNS) and indicates whether the body has enough energy present. When there is enough energy, leptin communicates to the body that it is full; signaling to the body that it no longer needs to nourish itself. When there is enough energy present and no food intake, the body then utilizes and expends the energy that is presently stored. In this research paper, I will briefly cover the pathway of a normally functioning leptin; as well as the mechanism of leptin resistance, and research is provided to elaborate.

Reactive hypoglycemia, a rare form of hypoglycemia, increases insulin levels after the consumption of excess carbohydrates, leading to a drop in blood glucose levels. This differs from conventional hypoglycemia where blood glucose drops several hours after a meal, but can easily be returned to normal by the consumption of food. Reactive hypoglycemia can cause fatigue, dizziness, shakiness, and in extreme cases, a coma. Although no effective treatments exist, glucagon, a peptide hormone derived from pancreatic alpha cells, seems to reduce symptoms. In the proposed experiment, the effectiveness of glucagon relative to a regimen of dietary control, exercise, and Acarbose will be tested on Zucker-diabetic-fatty (ZDF) rats (Rattus rattus). Three

The thermogenic response in brown adipocytes is mediated by matchlessly augmented mitochondria expressing thermogenin (also called uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the inner membrane.UCP1 lets brown adipocytes to dissipate the electrochemical gradient that is normally used to drive ATP synthesis. But, the thermogenic response cannot only be explained by UCP1, as the expression of numerous genes complicated in energy metabolism is increased in experimental animals to a cold environment. Lately the significance of NPRA and NPRB in brown adipose tissue is discovered (160). 160

Insulin tells the fat and muscle cells to take up glucose from the blood and store it as energy. Type 2 diabetes is characterised by insulin

Because visceral adipocytes have more glucocorticoid receptors than subcutaneous adipose cells, such an activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may promote preferential fat deposition in the visceral adipose depot while at the same time inducing insulin resistance in the liver and in the skeletal muscle.74

Cardiovascular diseases are the number one factor that can erupt from obesity due to the main causes that it brings, like high blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol to a high count while lowering HDL. LDL is the “bad cholesterol”, and HDL is the “good cholesterol”. We need fats in our body for energy or ATP, in our body. If we get more LDL, it can really be a dangerous case, and