Summary Of Affirmative Action By Ira Katznelson

In the article The Construction of the Ghetto by Massey and Denton, there are several policies and practices that still has its effect on racial structure today. Among the several practices and policies are the Government Issue (GI) Bill for veterans and housing loans. At a political view, the GI Bill for veterans helped them buy houses at a lower price due to their contribution in the war. Since White veterans have the GI Bill, they moved out to the suburbs during 1940-1970, which was during the time of suburbanization. Because Black veterans did not receive the GI Bill, they were unable to move out and buy houses. This effect is still present today, considering that in the statistics, Blacks are less likely than Whites to own houses.

The period of the mid 30’s and 40’s during the Roosevelt presidency presented an evolution for minorities, the foundation for the civil rights movement was set during this era. The urgent necessities for Latinos, Blacks, and Native Americans came into focus for a government that was largely ignoring them previously. With the downfall of the economy, minorities were economically hit the worst. Many programs put in during Roosevelt’s administration never provided the same success for minorities that their white counterparts achieved. Still, FDR’s administration laid out multiple plans for minorities to achieve future success and equality. As new incentives with housing, industry, and civil rights tries to improve the lives’ of Latinos, Blacks, and Native Americans.

The story of Clyde Ross and Lawndale is just one example of the obstacles faced by blacks even after slavery was abolished. It is clear that it was specifically black families that were targeted by contract sellers and that were bypassed by the FHA to be given insurance. The appearance of equality overshadowed the reality of the situation for blacks, which was that they were frequently exploited and contained in neighborhoods that did not receive governmental assistance, while whites were benefitting from the new governmental agencies while many of them simultaneously

Many African Americans had moved north during the Great Migration to escape conditions in the south, but found that discrimination was still prevalent in northern cities. African Americans not only had difficulties finding jobs, but still felt the stigma of being black. Living within the time of legal discrimination, many African Americans soon realized that though they may have escaped the violence of the south, they still had to deal with the challenges and setbacks of being black in America. The Great Migration began in the 1910s and 1920s during World War I. The second wave of migration of Blacks to the north and west began in the 1940s during and after World War II (Alexander, 1998, p. 352). With the war going on, many black people found jobs due to the numerous openings of those fighting in the war. But once the war ended, white soldiers came back, finding blacks filling their jobs and wanting them back. Black men had particularly difficult times finding jobs; “they were the last to be hired or accepted in the unions and were the first to be let go during the Depression” (Dyer, 2001). Not only did the new immigrants face tension with whites over jobs, but also with Northern blacks, who believed that the migrants “threatened their social, economic and political security” (Tolnay 1997, p.1216).

Alfred H. Kelly, author of “The School Desegregation Case,” begins his account of the journey the NAACP lawyers took to succeed in Brown v. Board of Education of the City of Topeka, with the minor but evident improvement of the political and economic status acquired by Blacks since the passing of the 14th and 15th Amendments. Blacks increasingly became more influential; fighting to escape the “inferior status” of a stranded “ex-slave” and progressing towards the “genuine integration of the Negro into the social, economic, and political fabric of American life” (Kelly 245-6). Such improvements between the Plessy and Brown cases enabled the victory of desegregation for the revolutionary NAACP lawyers. Political influence expanded for Blacks who made up an “elite” of professional individuals in large cities in the North. The power to vote and their “alliances with local urban political machines” gave them some input on local decisions and later on a more national scale under FDR’s New Deal. A wave of “jobs, pay ratings, union memberships” and intensified acknowledgements of “the cold realities of American racial segregation,” extended the economic power available to Blacks during WWII (Kelly 247). The “altered position of the Negro in America;” from neglected and helpless individuals, to influential “lawyers, doctors, schoolteachers, social workers, [and] ministers,” was necessary for the social, economic and political power earned

The Civil Rights movement gave many African Americans access to job markets that were previously off limits to them. However, the unemployment rates among people living in ghettos continued to rise. For those who are employed, their average income had grown compared to the income of African Americans in the past. However, African American workers were being paid less than white workers. This is even truer for African Americans who have the same educational level as white workers. “The white high school graduate will earn just about as much as a Negro, who has gone through college and beyond for graduate training” (Clark 35). Addition to lower pay, access to higher paid job was harder for African American

According to Bill Clinton’s Council of Economic Advisors, whites are more likely to earn a better childhood education, have more access to technology, attend college, attain a stable job, and have benefits of healthcare. Jensen emphasizes the difficulties for black citizens to locate employment because of the employer’s prejudice against them. Many statistics provided by the author exhibit this disadvantage, “the typical black family had 60% as much income as a white family in 1968, but only 58% as much in 2002” (Jensen5). Additionally, it’s

The most crucial achievements of African-American social balance improvements have been the Post War hallowed rectifications that scratched off subjection and set up the citizenship status of blacks. ("Shad's Blog | Adventures and Random Thoughts," n.d.) The legitimate decisions and order in perspective of these corrections, famously the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision of 1954, ("Civil Rights Movement - Black History - HISTORY.com," n.d.) the Social equality Demonstration of 1964 and the Voting Rights Demonstration of 1965. Additionally, these legitimate changes extraordinarily affected the open entryways available to women, non-black minorities, disabled individuals, and distinctive losses of detachment.

The Effects of Education with Affirmative Action Affirmative action is a policy that was put in place to take steps in stopping discrimination. In addition, it is also a means to create new opportunities for minorities such as education. In the Hunger of Memory Richard Rodriguez writes about affirmative action and how it gave him an advantage against the non-minority on education. Rodriguez is a minority whos parents immigrated form mexico. In the terms of education, Rodriguez’s position stands against affirmative action despite the advantages it gave him.

In the book, When Affirmative Was White by Ira Katznelson, his overall theme of this novel is about how the aftermath of the Great Depression and World War II led to the development of the New Deal, which relieved the lives of the unemployed and poor, restored the economy back its normal state, and improved the financial system in the United States. When New Deal programs for war, work and welfare were forming, White Americans were receiving more benefits while the African Americans were being excluded and treated unfairly. Katznelson’s main argument was that Democratic leaders needed the assistance from Congress’ southern representatives to approve their desired legislative programs. He explains how the southerners persuaded the local citizens

The "Affirmative Action" was made by minorities for minorities in america. In purpose to help the minorities themselves.The article named, "Is It Time To End Affirmative Action" written by two humans who's thoughts on the action differ.

The main argument made by Ted Koerth in his editorial “Economic Affirmative Action” is that affirmative action only focus on minorities groups without providing assistance to those who lack resources. More Specifically, Koerth argues that Affirmative Action give extreme “priority” to underrepresent groups ignoring their economic status and overlooking those who are financially needed. For example, Koerth writes “Choosing minorities groups for special treatment in admissions implies that those groups lack the ability to achieve those things on their own.” Moreover, Koerth writes “If those two have equal academic achievements, affirmative action as it now exist would likely give a boost to the Asian student, though he has lived an easier life.”

What is affirmative action? This has been a very interesting question throughout the past thirty years. Many people would like to answer it with simply the name given to programs that try to correct past and ongoing discriminations against women, racial minorities, and others in the work force and in education. Affirmative action was created out of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It actually went into effect because of an executive order that was delivered by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965. He wanted to do more than what the non-discrimination laws of the time were trying to accomplish. He also wanted to see minorities and women get a better chance at advancement in

The idea of Affirmative action was first brought up by JFK to ensure equality in employment for all people regardless of their race, creed, color, or national origin. However, Many institutions such as college took advantage of “equality” as an excuse to admit students based on their race rather than their merits. AB 1726, also known as the Accounting for Health and Education in API Demographics (AHEAD) Act, was first proposed by California Assemblyman Rob Bonta (California Legislative Information). It is a data disaggregation bill that intends to help better address the disparity in public health and education among API(Asian Pacific Islander)group by adding additional major Asian groups, including Bangladeshi, Hmong, Indonesian,

Affirmative action is one of the more recent and popular civil rights policies that affect today's society. Affirmative action can be described as nothing more than a lower educational standard for minorities. It has become quite clear that affirmative action is unfair and unjust. However, in order to blend race, culture, and genders to create a stable and diverse society, someone has to give. How can this be justified? Is there a firm right or wrong to affirmative action? Is this policy simply taking something from one person and giving it to someone else, or is there more to this policy, such as affirmative action being a reward for years of oppression against those whom it affects? There have been many