Summary Of Aspirin

In this experiment the concentration of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) in an aspirin tablet will be determined. This can be done by dissolving a tablet in a strong base, NaOH, and titration it with a strong acid, HCl. The quantity was found to be about 75.5% of the weight of the tablet, or about 318 mg per tablet. This value tells the pharmaceutical companies how much to state the recommended dosage as based on how much ASA is needed to feel the headache and pain resistant effects. Also it can be used to state precautions for the customers based on the known LD50 value (200 mg/kg).

The purpose of the lab was to synthesize aspirin and oil of wintergreen, and to determine its purity using recrystallization process, determining its melting point and using back-titration. To synthesize aspirin, salicylic acid and anhydride was used to drive the reaction to completion. In the synthesis of oil of wintergreen we reacted salicylic acid and methanol to produce methyl salicylate. This reaction is an example of a condensation reaction where the carboxylic acid and alcohol group combine to form an ester. In producing aspirin, we wanted to obtain the purest form, so we removed impurities such as unreacted salicylic acid and acetic acid. Acetic acid was removed by rinsing the sample in water because acetic acid is soluble in water. Salicylic, however, was removed by using the recrystallization process because it is insoluble in water. To recrystallize, we dissolved a sample of crude aspirin in warm ethanol and let it cool. Because aspirin is less soluble in ethanol than salicylic acid, it will crystallize out of the solution. To obtain the purified aspirin sample, we then filtered the solution to separate it from the impurities. To determine qualitatively the purity of the recrystallized aspirin, we determined its melting point using a melting point apparatus. Using the idea of freezing point depression, the presence of impurities will lower the melting point of the substance. Thus, by comparing the melting point to the actual

Acetaminophen, [uh-see-tuh-min-uh-fuh n]; is a name for a drug, which is fairly difficult to pronounce. Thankfully though we have several medicines to make it simpler to say. The over the counter drugs contain but are not limited to, APAP, Aspirin Free Pain Relief, Children's Pain Reliever, Feverall, Mapap, Meda, Tempra, Tylenol, and Uni-Ace. Though the most commonly known product is probably, Tylenol. Tylenol can be prescribed for relief of mild pain and reduction of fever. Though it is mainly prescribed for that, it can be used for a variety of things. For example, short term pain during pregnancy, colds, muscle aches, arthritis, backache, and toothaches.

Acetaminophen is a non-opioid analgesic. We are not sure about how acetaminophen reduces the pain. It could have an inhibitory effect on central prostaglandin synthesis (cyclooxygenase (COX)-2) as well as increase the pain threshold. Acetaminophen cure fever by inhibiting the formulation and release of prostaglandins in the CNS. It stops endogenous pyrogens at the hypothalamic thermoregulator center. Acetaminophen is effective on curing fever, and may also relieve mild pain caused by cancer. Compared with Ibuprofen, they have very similar effectiveness. Acetaminophen provides a faster and greater temperature drop than aspirin. Acetaminophen may cause vomiting, constipation, nausea, pruritus, and agitation. For more serious circumstances,

Acetaminophen is also found in combination with other active ingredients, otherwise known as combination medicines, which can treat conditions such as flu or cold symptoms, allergy, and sleeplessness. Medicines that contain this pain relieving drug can come in many physical forms including drops, syrups, and pills. It is easy for a person to not be able to recognize how much acetaminophen they are ingesting because of the many forms and medications it can be found in, therefore all people should be cautious and monitor their medicinal intake (U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2015).

Although the mechanism of action of acetaminophen is unclear, it is generally believed to work the same was as ibuprofen. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen produce therapeutic effects by reversibly inhibiting cyclooxygenase and thus blocking the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. The effects of these prostanoids include lowering the pain threshold thereby exaggerating pain perception. Inhibiting the synthesis of these prostanoids increases the pain

Understanding medications and relating them to a patient’s care is a legal requirement for the RN. Morphine an opioid analgesic is for moderate to severe pain which has respiratory suppression as the main side effect, naloxone and resuscitation equipment should be close by to reverse this effect. (Tiziani, 2013). Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) used for chest pain, works by causing vasodilation to the blood vessels therefore increasing blood flow to the heart, the risk of repeated doses may lead to hypotension (Tiziani, 2013). Aspirin is used as an antiplatelet for Mr Jones and given for a suspected myocardial infarction (MI) due to plaque that may have broken away within a coronary artery and formed a blood clot that leads to a blockage (Tiziani,

There has been little evolution and innovations in terms of Aspirin’s formula. It has not been changed since Hoffman’s discovery! However its form has been improved whilst originally sold as a powder, in 1915 Aspirin was produced as a tablet. Also, while the drug itself has not been modified, the knowledge about it has. It was not until the 1970’s that scientists began to understand how aspirin works, and in 1982, the scientist responsible for the findings, Professor Vane, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his

Buffered aspirin is aspirin with a coating of a buffering agent that will reduce the risk of stomach damage. Normal aspirin can concentrate in the walls of the stomach, leading to stomach bleeding and ulcers. To limit these undesirable side effects, patients may take buffered aspirin or aspirin with an enteric coating, with the goal of protecting the intestinal tract. It is still possible to experience gastrointestinal bleeds, and patients should stop taking the medication if they notice dark, tarry stools or severe stomach cramps.

In 1899, a German chemist named Felix Hoffmann, who worked for a Germany company called Bayer, rediscovered Gerhardt’s formula. Felix Hoffmann made some of the formula and gave it to his father who was suffering from the pain of arthritis. When he saw that there were good results he convinced Bayer to market the new drug to their company. Aspirin was first sold as a powder. According to Bayer's biography of Hoffman, it was 'mostly by chance' that the chemist Felix Hoffmann succeeded in mixing salicylic acid with acetic acid to create what is now widely recognized as something that mostly everyone knows and uses when in pain. It is a well-known medicine. Hoffmann didn’t like the alternative treatment, a juice from the willow tree bark that had been used for centuries as a painkiller and treatment for fever, but it had a lot of negative side effects, including nausea, gastro-intestine irritation,

During the 1890s Felix Hoffman a chemical engineer who worked at the Bayer Company located in Germany was looking to help his father who was suffering from arthritis.  He discovered how to isolate acetylsalicylic acid in a digestible form.. Starting in 1899, the Bayer company began to sell an aspirin powder to doctors to provide to their patients. The drug became a hit and, in 1915, it was sold as over-the-counter

When cells are damaged they release a chemical called arachidonic acid. 2 enzymes in our body called cox-1 & cox-2 react with this arachidonic acid to create prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are what causes us to feel pain, cause our body temperature to rise and cause inflammation. Aspirin enters the body and disrupts the production of prostaglandins. It does so by blocking its path. This permanently shuts down Cox-1 and Cox-2 which completely stops the production of prostaglandins. With prostaglandins not being produced anymore, we don’t feel pain anymore.

Not until 1828 was Johann Buchner, professor at Munich University, able to isolate the substance from the tannis in willow trees, to which he gave the name of salicin. A purer form of salicin was developed later in 1829, and then its mass pharmaceutical production began. It was not until scientists started to understand the effects of this new product, that they realized its side effects were greater than its benefits. By understanding the connection between evolution and biotechnology, scientists were able to modified the new drug in a way that was safer for consumers to take, and start its mass production again, which is what we know as Aspirin

It is thought that accident Greece used willow leaves to reduce fever and pain (How Aspirin Is Made - Background, History, Raw Materials, The Manufacturing Process of Aspirin.) However aspirin was not mixed together or created until 1897 by Felix Hoffmann. It was invented to help people by reducing fever and pain, and used to reduce heart attacks (Aspirin History - Invention of Aspirin). Aspirin however was not made to withstand certain conditions. Aspirin will melt at 136ºC or 276.8ºF, and will boil at 140ºC or 284ºF. Aspirin will decompose in hot water, and will break down in moist air. It is best to keep aspirin in room temperature or dry air (ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN)).

According to Nordqvist,Medicalnewstoday,(2015); Aspirin is a still till this day a very well known and popularly used medication in the world. As an over the counter or (OTC) product since 1915. Aspirin was discovered in 1763 by Edward Stone, he had been documenting his symptoms his been having such as fever, pain, chills, and fatigue when he had discovered Salicylic Acid which is the main reactant in Aspirin. As the years passed many other Salicylate Medicines have been discovered such as Salicin and Sodium Salicylic acids. Many forms of aspirin were created such as capsules and chewable gummies.