Summary Of Bound Labor In Southern Agriculture

The most difficult task confronting many Southerners during Reconstruction was devising a new system of labor to replace the shattered world of slavery. The economic lives of planters, former slaves, and non slaveholding whites, were transformed after the Civil War. Also in the reconstruction many small white farmers, thrown into poverty by the war,because they didn’t have any slaves to do anything, many entered into cotton production, a major change from days before war when they concentrated on growing food for their own families. New systems of labor slowly emerged to take the place of slavery. Sharecropping dominated the cotton and tobacco. Sharecropping is when someone who owns land lets you use it and when they use it they give you some of the product you make from it instead of buying the land. Both black and white farmers highly depended on sharecropping and local merchants. Under the sharecropping system,

As we already noted – in the 1800s expediency of slavery was disputed. While industrial North almost abandoned bondage, by the early 19th century, slavery was almost exclusively confined to the South, home to more than 90 percent of American blacks (Barney W., p. 61). Agrarian South needed free labor force in order to stimulate economic growth. In particular, whites exploited blacks in textile production. This conditioned the differences in economic and social development of the North and South, and opposing viewpoints on the social structure. “Northerners now saw slavery as a barbaric relic from the past, a barrier to secular and Christian progress that contradicted the ideals of the Declaration of Independence and degraded the free-labor aspirations of Northern society” (Barney W., p. 63).

While other authors focus their attention in regards to Reconstruction in the Southern states after the American Civil War on political matters and the meaning of Reconstruction itself, John Rodrigue ventures into the world of Sugar and the relationships between planters and freedmen to illustrate the creation of a labor system within the world of sugar cane plantations in Louisiana. By concentrating on this specific business and region, the author is able to illustrate the factors that shaped labor during and after the Civil War, while showing how Reconstruction altered life in terms of labor for both whites and African Americans. Rodrigue argues that by focusing on this specific region reveals how blacks were able to gain negotiating power with planters in an effort to support free labor. By utilizing primary and secondary sources, the author frames the narrative and provide the reader with a personal perspective into the free labor system.

Though they were technically free now, they were freed with no money, so they worked on these farms where they were tenants who were allowed to use the land to farm as long as the landowner received a portion of the crops. The similarities between slavery and sharecropping did not seem to make a big change that they hoped for Reconstruction. This new system,

Thus, slavery pulled white workers down in two ways: one, by direct competition with slave labor in the South, and two, by associating all the industrious efforts of workers with those of the degraded slaves.”

Rebecca Harding Davis’ “Life in the Iron Mills’ illustrates class conflict and the exploitative nature of American industrialization. It has been regarded as one of the first notable examples of American realism that portrayed the burdens of industrial factory workers. Davis uses slavery comparisons throughout the novella, this rhetoric threatens the potency of her work.

There was a growing demand for workers in the cultivation of these profitable crops such as tobacco, rice, sugar cane and cotton specifically, which was in large demand especially after the invention of the cotton gin. However, “ The lust for profits led southerners to ignore concerns over the morality of slavery” ( Tindall & Shi 361). The severe savagery and racism that followed with the quest for profit was just another conflict over the expansion that led to the Civil War. The horrendous treatment of slaves in the Old South was exposed in a variety of articles and readings, one being the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, that supported abolition, “ Exposé’s of the dark side of southern culture portrayed the planters as arrogant aristocrats who raped enslaved women, brutalized slaves, and lorded over their communities with haughty disdain” (Tindall and Shi 361 ). Slavery became a large source of this mass economic development, so it is no surprise that “ the twelve richest countries in the U.S. by 1860 were all in the South” (Tindall & Shi 365). While history was created by changes in the economy and the political realm, it is the social problems expansion created that are most remembered regarding

This shows that the South lacked in the white working force, forcing them to find another source of labor, African slaves. Another source of labor that was quickly dwindling for the plantation owners were indentured servants. In the first couple of waves of settlers that came over to the New World, many came over as indentured servants because it was the only way for them to pay for a trip over to escape the English economy and poverty. But the English economy began to improve and people didn?t need to come over anymore causing even more trouble for the plantation owners to find people to work the fields.

Between 1800 and 1865, slaves lived in the Southern States and worked in the tobacco, wheat, rice, corn and cotton plantations. Essentially, slavery was an economic institution with far-reaching benefits to slaveholders, since the value of slave labor was considerably more than the cost of their maintenance. Demands for democratization, respect for human dignity and American Civil War presented a major turning point in the institution of slavery as farmers turned to lesser labor-intensive production methods such as the use of Eli Whitney 's Cotton Gin. This paper analyzes different ways in which institution of Slavery affected the development of American South between 1800 & 1865, and the lives of people living in the region. In doing so the paper considers economic, political, social and cultural implications of the institution.

After the Civil War, African Americans were free but with no place to live in or to work at, they settled with their former ‘masters’. African Americans were technically free, but no one wanted to hire a colored man, so they were put on crop lien work contracts. These contracts allowed African Americans to work and gain a ‘share’ of the harvest. Sounds like a deal right? Wrong. At the end of the harvest a black man would receive his share but the

In the antebellum south, the Large Plantation – agricultural way of life dominated the whole society. Only 25% of white southerners owned slaves and most did not live in mansions but in dark, cramped, two-room cabins. Cotton was the crucial cash crop of the South, but it was not the only crop grown there. Corn, sugar, rice, and tobacco were also grown – but Cotton was king, and the most labor intensive of all these crops. Not only was the South reliant on cotton, but the northern factories relied on the raw material as well as England. The South was the world’s largest producer and from 1815 to 1860 it represented over ½ the U.S. exports.

Transitioning from slavery to free-labor created new issues to arise between African Americans and white Southerners. It was believed that if no longer slaves, African Americans still must work. Henry Adams, an African American observing planters, wrote that, “white men would drive colored women out in the fields to work…and would tell colored men that their wives and children could not live on their places unless they worked in the fields.”10 In the same line of thinking, M. C. Fulton requests that freedwomen be required to work, stating that it is impossible for one man to provide for his family while his wife is in “idleness,” without stealing.11 What Adams observed and what Fulton complained about shows two different reasons for pushing freedwomen to work, in a way that, presumably, was different than what was expected of white women. The free-labor system caused disputes in what qualified as “work.” White employers claimed that, “the labor of the employee belongs to him for the whole year, that he must labor for him six days during the week and do all kinds of work required of him wether directly connected with the crop.”12 Freedmen, however, claimed that they had “no other work to do but to cultivate and gather the crop.”13 White employers did not seem to view African American laborers as employees, rather they saw them as slaves with contracts, able to submit complaints about their employment

In 1808 Congress outlawed American involvement with the African slave trade, which increase the value of the slave already in the country. The dramatic rise in the monetary value of enslaved workers brought better treatment for many. One planter remarked “The time has been that the farmer would killed up and wear out one Negro to buy another, but it is not so now.” One ex-slave recalled that he was treated just as well as you would a good mule. So even though American did not end slavery, many farmers treated their slave’s way better than they ever had before.

Throughout Cultural Perspectives, many influential texts have been read, analyzed, and discussed. One text, Life in the Iron Mills by Rebecca Harding Davis, integrates the thoughts of quite a few authors that have been discussed this semester. Through employing a Marxist view of history—there are always the “haves” and the “have-nots”—one can see that Life in the Iron Mills exemplifies the struggles that face many “have-not” citizens throughout history. One can then see the clear connections to various authors such as Mary Wollstonecraft, W.E.B. DuBois, Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels, and Adam Smith.

The film contains two narratives, a live action documentary of the history of textile mills in the United States and a cartoon drama about people dealing with the struggles typical in the early years of this industry. Although they are interwoven with each other in the film, these narratives will be summarized separately in this essay for the sake of clarity, first the documentary section, and second, the cartoon, but reflected upon as a unit to better focus on the impact of the film as a whole.