Summary Of Chapter 11 By Ruddiman

In chapter two Stephen McGlinchey explains what is diplomacy and how it helps countries. He defines diplomacy as “the process between actors” which means representatives from each country get together to achieve a common goal in a peaceful way. The authors also explained foreign policy which is when two states come together to see how they can achieve a common goal. This is where diplomacy lets the two countries meet and reach agreements in a peaceful manner. The author goes on to talk about how diplomacy has worked in the past such as with the Cuban Missile Crisis. Diplomacy can help states in various ways such as negotiation, preventing wars, and establishing a relationship with another state. One modern day example is the United States

The Earth 's atmosphere has changed all through history. Just in the most recent 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of frigid progress and withdraw, with the sudden end of the last ice age around 7,000 years back denoting the start of the present day atmosphere period and of human development. The greater part of these atmosphere changes are credited to little varieties in Earth 's circle that change the measure of sun based vitality our planet gets. Exploratory proof for warming of the atmosphere framework is unequivocal. The present warming pattern is of specific criticalness in light of the fact that the vast majority of it is likely human-impelled and continuing at a rate that is exceptional in the previous 1,300 years. Earth-circling satellites and other mechanical advances have empowered researchers to see the comprehensive view, gathering a wide range of sorts of data about our planet and its atmosphere on a worldwide scale. This group of information, gathered over numerous years, uncovers the signs of an evolving atmosphere. The warmth catching nature of carbon dioxide and different gasses was shown in the mid-nineteenth century. Their capacity to influence the exchange of infrared vitality through the environment is the logical premise of numerous instruments flown by NASA. There is no doubt that expanded levels of nursery gasses must bring about the Earth to warm accordingly. Ice centers drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain icy masses

Damon Matthews, a professor in Concordia University’s Department of Geography, found a direct connection between carbon dioxide and global warming. Matthew’s studies show that same global temperature increase, regardless of when or over what period of time the emission occurs. The effect of adding more carbon dioxide is predicted in the theory of greenhouse gases. Swedish scientist, Syante Arrhenius, first proposed the theory in 1896, based on earlier work by Fourier and Tyndall. At the same time, many scientists have reached the same conclusion. If we increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the Earth’s temperature will increase. Energy is absorbed from the sun in the form of visible light and ultraviolet radiation. The earth then releases some of this energy as infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere captures some of this heat, then re-emit it in all directions. During this process, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases keep the Earth’s surface 33 degree Celsius warmer than it would be without them. According to an ongoing temperature analysis conducted by a scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), the average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8 degree Celsius. Since 1975, two-thirds of the warming has occurred at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 degree Celsius per decade.

This chapter of the book is a good example of an impassioned appeal for human mobility. So much that I went ahead and started reading chapter 6, just to get a feel of where walkable urbanism was headed. Leinberger presents a case that would allow cities to encourage, allow and promotes places for individuals to live and have accessible places to go via walking. The chapter focuses on human well-being, rather than limit infrastructure and resources to encourage automobile travel only. The author Christopher Leinberger clarifies the origin of such an appeal and proves that it is the unambiguous choice experienced in the 20th century. In chapter five, Leinberger argues about demographics and money. He pointed out that the reduced prices of oil resulted to sub-urbanism. However, as the prices of oil were increased, there was an impact on the choices of people and the locations where they want to live.

Once again, numbers have surprised me with their surprisingly complex simplicity. In this passage of Taming the Infinite: The story of mathematics from numbers to chaos theory, the author writes about a vast array of topics, including number theory, prime numbers, calculus, many mathematicians, among many others.

. In unit 2 we learned that climate change is caused by CO2 (Carbon Dioxide).This layer of greenhouse gas is trapped into the atmosphere and increases the thickness of the layer. As a result it rises the Earth’s temperature warmer and causes climate change. The CO2 is caused by human activities such as pollutions and burning fossil fuel. The risk of climate change is extremely high such as loss of the major ice sheets and sudden changes in the

Chapters 7 is mainly about how in order to be a good learner one must put the “content” that they learn into ways that only they understand. The book states that, “all content is organized by concepts… there is no way to learn a body of content without learning the concepts that define and structure it.” Chapter 8 gives one ideas on how to become a better learner and also gives insight about college classes and how to get the most out of lectures. Chapter 9 addresses the five levels of thinking or “grades” that students can use to assess their learning. They are the exemplary students (grade of A), high-performing students (grade of B), mixed-quality students (grade of C), and low-performing students (grade of D or F).

From 2002 to 2016, the Ice Age movie franchise, produced by Blue Sky Studios, has capitalized on events during the Pleistocene Epoch period when massive warming occurred in the earth. Even though these movies are entertaining, they depict a view of how wildlife, plant life, and the earth's environment drastically changed, albeit for the worse. For the most part, the release of carbon dioxide is the causal effect of the death and destruction of the planet as it was known at that time. There has been an ongoing debate as to the direct reason for the atmosphere’s chemical composition, including the release of harmful gases. The article, Melting of massive ice 'lid' resulted in huge release of carbon dioxide at the end of the Ice Age, written by Jenny Roberts (www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160104163203.htm), suggests the melting of sea ice "caused the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide" rather than the

The ice core provides information on the atmosphere’s characteristics within that area, throughout the years that gets trapped as gas and form bubbles between the icy layers. The bubbles that form are atmosphere gases of methane and carbon dioxide (CO2). These preserve gases trapped within the ice layers are known “greenhouse “gases. Scientist are then able to calculate the past concentration of C02 and methane and compare the results against the Earths present level of gases. [2]

"Man made global warming is not just a theory about climate, it is the defining moral and political calls of our age." (The Great Global Warming Swindle. Dir. Martin Durkin. A Wag, 2007). Based on the EPICA and Vostok ice cores display (shows records of carbon dioxide and temperature over the last 100 years based on data of the Antarctic ice core) temperatures and carbon dioxide (Co2) records many professors like Tim Ball (Department of Climatology) and Nir Shaviv (Institute of Physics) indicated that the level of carbon dioxide is depended on the climate temperatures and not the other way around. This is because as the climate drops the ocean intakes carbon dioxide, and as the atmosphere rises in temperature the ocean releases carbon dioxide. Martin Durkin (director of "The Global Warming Swindle") shares that the warming of the earth atmosphere started before there were

Many people think that present-day climate change is similar to paleoclimate change, but this is only true when looking at the effects of climate change, the trends in temperature, and the trends in greenhouse gas levels, which have all stayed the same. By applying the principle of uniformity, we know that many of the current processes, such as plate tectonics happened in the same way in the past. In order to use climate proxy records, we have to apply this principle to be able to compare the data about the current and past environment with equal weight. For example, we assume that the ice cores reacted the same way to changes in air composition and temperature in the past, such as the mid-Cretaceous, as they do today, so that we can make fair statements of whether or not the air composition and temperatures have changed or stayed relatively similar. We

• Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that warms the atmosphere. • Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased from about 280 parts per million (ppm) to over 380 ppm. Current concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases are unprecedented in at least the last 650,000 years, based on records from gas bubbles trapped in polar ice. • Independent measurements demonstrate that the increased CO2 in the atmosphere comes

Scientists began to search for additional information, older information, which would lend credence to their theory. This information is known as proxy data. Proxy data exists in tree rings, ice cores, sediment cores, historical data, fossilized pollen, and coral (i). This data is not a direct indication of carbon dioxide or temperature, but a study of elements that have existed on our planet long before the wide usage of instruments to record information. Utilizing a variety of statistical means to arrive at their conclusions scientists compiled this information in support of the theory of climate change. Ice that has been drilled out of the depths of Antarctica and Green land can date back 800,000 years. The air bubbles found here show an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The graph below compares the levels of carbon dioxide and the estimated temperatures gathered from the proxy data of the ice core. The statistical manipulation indicates that in 8000,000 years the Earth has never seen the levels of carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide exists in the atmosphere as one part of greenhouse gas do trap the radiation from the sun and reheat the earth. According to East Timor Review (2013), “the planet has reportedly warmed 0.3°C to 0.6°C over the last century”. (Page 200)

Glacial ice is created through the annual deposition of snow that piles up in continuous sequences due to vast plateaus (Bethan, 2014). There are 2 main ice sheets present on Earth today. The first one is located in Greenland and dates up to 125,000 years ago while the other is the Antarctic ice sheet that dates up to 800,000 years ago (Ruddiman, 2013). Ice thickness can provide clues about the local precipitation and thicker layers corresponds to greater snowfall which tells us about global temperatures due to the fact that more snow tends to accumulate at the poles during global warm spells. However, majority of the data about past climate is gained from ice cores, are produced when the ice sheets are drilled on the major axis of growth at about 4-5 inches in diameter and up to lengths of 1m in order to get a vertical core that can be stored for analysis. Ice cores are not limited to polar regions, they can be found on 6 of the 7 continents of Earth and can range in thickness from mountain glaciers to continental ice sheet (Ruddiman, 2013) (Figure 2). However the 2