Summary Of ' Evidence By Kathryn Schulz

Peter Elbow’s essay centers on different ways to examine claims in life. Specifically, Elbow describes two different methods, or “games,” to examine claims: the doubting game and the believing game.

He explains why UCTs are as popular as they are in modern society, and why people should nevertheless disregard and approach them with caution. What Keeley refers to as “virtues” are the reason for the popularity of UCTs. He gives the virtue of explanatory reach as the first and main reason for UCTs popularity, which is the account of all knowledge including errant data. This is in stark contrast to the received theory, which is imperfect by nature. This quality of UCTs is particularly attractive because it appeals to human rationality by allowing for no loopholes. Keely argues that errant data alone is not significant enough, and that a theory should never fit all of the data. This leads into one of the main points, concerning falsifiability and skepticism. Unfalsifiability is acceptable when the item or person under investigation is not actively trying to escape from the investigator. Keeley contends that the problem is not the innate unfalsifiability, but rather the increasing amount of skepticism required. Keely seeks a hole in the concept of conspiracy theories that accounts for a person’s innate sense that belief in a particular conspiracy theory is not justified. In the case of the natural sciences, falsifiability is acceptable because of the rigorous protocols in place, and therefore, we are warranted in believing scientific claims.

The belief-bias effect is when people make judgments based on prior beliefs and general knowledge, rather than on the rules of logic. For example, when a student takes a history test and answers short-answer questions based on their prior beliefs and general knowledge about the time period, rather than thinking about the course material’s relation to the test. To maximize people’s abilities to effectively reason or make decisions, students should be taught about the belief-bias effect, so that they make fewer errors when trying to answer questions.

Evidence Not Seen by Darlene Deibler Rose is a book about a woman's faith in the jungles during WW2. The second third of the book is mostly about Darlene Roses’ time in the jungle camp/prison. Its provides you with all of the different occasions in which she was pressured to deny God as her true savior. One that really stuck out to me was when they threatened to kill her if she did not conform to their religion. It made me think about what I would do in the situation. I think that I would not conform because to live is christ and to die is gain because you would be going to heaven. Another thing that I thought about as I read it is how she is sort of like the apostle Paul in when she went to jail she did not stop sharing Jesus’ love

Induction is a form of reasoning where the premises support the conclusion, but do not confirm that the conclusion is true. To justify induction, we are required to justify that we can infer that experiences we have never experienced will resemble those that we have experienced. Making inductive inferences is necessary for everyday life as well as in science. It is rational to rely on inductive arguments in everyday life for claims such as “the sun will rise tomorrow.” But inductive arguments require that nature is uniform. For example, tomorrow the laws of physics will continue to work the same as how they have in the past, so the world will continue spinning and the sun will rise. This perceived uniformity (the principle of uniformity of nature) allows claims like the one previously outlined to be easily understood. Although inductive arguments are useful, whether or not they can be justified is a topic of debate. In James Van Cleve’s “Reliability, Justification and the Problem of Induction,” he uses an inductive argument to attempt to justify induction. In his justification he claims that his method of argument is not circular. I argue that his reasoning is problematic because an inductive argument is not able to justify induction, mainly because inductive arguments presuppose the Principle of the Uniformity of Nature.

The article “Gimme an A (I Insist!) by Abigail Sullivan Moore is a commentary on grade inflation in high schools. The author discusses how high school averages are on the rise while SAT scores are staying the same. Moore goes into detail about how teachers are giving students better grades in an attempt to spare their feelings. She then covers how this negatively affects our students. The major points that will be covered in this paper are how relevant this article is and how the problem discussed is affecting our students.

In the Absence of Evidence On the night of December 23, 2002, Scott Peterson killed his wife, Laci Peterson, and unborn child, Conner, in cold blood. He then dumped their bodies in San Francisco Bay and returned home (Case 1). At least, that’s what the prosecution would want you to think. Was Scott Peterson proven guilty of his wife’s murder beyond reasonable doubt? No, he was not, and here’s why.

Clifford (1879) is a strong proponent of proof-based beliefs and of the continuous criticism of beliefs held backed by loose evidence. In order to advance as a fair and just society, our beliefs must be evaluated and supported by evidence which is fair and just, and not by apparent truisms which satisfy our personal power struggles, insecurities, and lack of interest.

Evidence: The Mind of Oneself In Kathryn Schulz's essay, "Evidence" numerous analogies were given to describe the impact that Evidence has on one's opinions and actions. In the opening passage of Schulz' essay, the Evidence was questioned during the witch trial case to find whether or not the evidence present was useful. The court permitted the "evil spirit visitations" affirmation to be utilized as proof as a part of court. Schulz later expressed that “what is true within the law is also true far beyond it.”

Finally, by day 4/lesson 4 students made clear their understanding. In Student 1 Work Sample, this is apparent. In an attempt to suggest their own personal biases of the possibility of further construction for universal bathrooms, the student made specific choices in which words to use to further portray their personal biases. The student used certain words and phrases such as: safe place, remarkable, progressive, immense progression, and exist without fear, to accurately demonstrate their biases on the possibility of further construction for universal bathrooms. It is very clear that this student supports the idea of universal bathrooms existing in public places. Likewise, in Student 2 Work Sample, the author’s bias is clearly portrayed to show this students support of the United States sending military aide to help immigrants who are arriving in Greece and Turkey. This student used words and word phrases in his/her newspaper article such as: fatality, provide aide, expand, refugee, help wanted, defend, send military, to accurately portray his/her personal

Letter #1 Evidence Not Seen by Darlene Deibler Rose is a book about a woman's faith in the jungles during WW2. Darlene Deibler a missionary and newlywed to Russell Deibler is the protagonist in Evidence Not Seen. The book is written using past tense and starts off with her first flying into China. The book at least so far takes place China during the World War two era. Darlene is a christian missionary who went to China to spread the love, compassion, and word of God but soon gets caught up by the fine line China has drawn between themselves and religion.

“Evidence is immensely central to our lives,” stated Katherine Schulz. In the reading, “Being Wrong,” you learned how your interpretation of your beliefs and how you study what you’ve collected from your evidence could determine if your information is right or wrong, and in some situations bias. Back to the previously statement, “Evidence is immensely central to our lives,” this statement goes back to validating the way we think and how we interpret it into our everyday lives. For example, when you’re solving a math equation you use your evidence (or what you already know) to help you better develop the correct answer as possible. Schulz, implied that the way we think and take things into heave portrays how we view the world. Our minds are

Before my father died, I worked for him as his bookkeeper. He had seventeen apartments that he owned and managed as a post retirement business. Since I was in North Carolina and he was in Philadelphia he would summon me for the weekend to update his books. As time went on he began to talk about passing his business on to one of his five children. After much discussion and voting it was decided that my oldest sister would inherit the properties and manage them. The goal was to maintain the properties and hopefully expand the enterprise thereby benefitting the five children and their descendants.

Legends, Lore, and, Lies A Skeptic’s stance Introduction by Carl Sagan. Sagan opens the chapter by exploring what skepticism is and why it’s important to have and maintain a certain level of it. Meaning that you shouldn’t be afraid or scared to challenge someone else’s information nor should you just listen and follow everything that you hear. You shouldn’t be gullible or susceptible and fall for just anything that someone says; you should try to remember in the back of your mind that what works for some may not work for all. He also explains why in his opinion skepticism can be helpful as well as dangerous. Helpful meaning that situations that were classified situations that are labeled as being a crisis that could have been easily been

In “The Refutation of Skepticism”, Jonathan Vogel establishes an “Inference to the Best Explanation” (hereafter, “IBE”) as a means to refute skepticism about the external world. In this refutation, Vogel acknowledges that skepticism about IBE still remains a possibility, but that this kind of skepticism would be rather outlandish in character and thus could be ignored. This paper shall both establish and evaluate Vogel’s reasoning as to why he confidently dismisses any skepticism pertaining to his IBE, and furthermore will illuminate some points as to why Vogel may have mischaracterized potential threats to his method, leaving his refutation of skepticism vulnerable to doubt that is not as