Summary Of How Gut Bacteria Make Us Fat By Claudia Wallis

The relationship between the human gut microbiome to health and disease is strong. Human physiology, metabolism, nutrition, and immune function are all affected by the composition of the gut. If the composition of the gut microbiome is altered in a way that any of these functions are negatively affected, this can lead to disease. The developments of the microbiome, its complexity, and its functionality in health and disease have been extensively studied. In addition, the way in which it is altered has many implications in the cause of diseases, such as bowel disease, obesity, diabetes and cancer.

In the article, "The Ultimate Social Network," Jennifer Ackerman presented data to challenge the first thoughts that people are independent, depending just on the human body to control interior capacities. She stated that the adjustments in the human microbiome are contributing to higher rates of obesity and autoimmune system disorders, prompting it to address regardless of whether we are in charge of our own body.

Bacteria are ubiquitous; they can be found on the skin, in the soil, and inside the body. Because of the very nature of this ubiquity, it is important to be able to determine between different strains of bacteria. An example of this is determining the causative agent for a disease so that the patient will be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. It may be important to determine the bacteria in a certain region, because like with enteric bacteria, it is normal to find them in the digestive tract as they are in a symbiotic relationship with our bodies in this area; however, they also cause opportunistic infections in places outside of the digestive tract to our detriment, such as with a urinary tract infection. Some strains of bacteria are common to nosocomial infections, and identifying these bacteria as such helps create the guidelines for healthcare workers in antiseptic technique. All of the morphology and characteristics of each strain of bacteria help us to better understand the role of bacteria in the body as well as helps us understand how they can cause illness, and what treatment regimen to set in place. In lab this semester, a sample of unknown

* Studies in mice, which also have large numbers of microbes living in their guts, have shown that there may be a link between storing energy as fat and microbial activity.

Recently it was discovered that H. pylori has another job besides regulating acid. It plays an important role in signaling our hunger. Our stomach produces two hormones that regulate food intake. Ghrelin (the hunger hormone) tells your brain you need food and Leptin tells your brain your stomach is full. Your ghrelin levels are high when you have not eaten for a while, which is why you are hungry when you wake up in the morning. After you eat breakfast, your ghrelin levels decrease. Studies have shown that H. pylori significantly regulates ghrelin levels and without it, these levels may be unregulated which can lead to increased appetite and excessive caloric intake. Studies have shown that those who have been treated by antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori, gained weight because their ghrelin levels stayed elevated causing them to feel hungry longer therefor increasing their caloric intake. This example illustrates that we may not really understand the consequences of the wide use of antibiotics. Obesity could very well be one of those consequences. We take antibiotics to target the bad bacteria however it affects the good bacteria too. Two

Zhang et.al. did a study with the aim of assessing the relative contributions of host genetics and diet in shaping the gut microbiota and modulating metabolic syndrome related phenotypes. They fed wild type mice C57BL/6J) and Apoa-1 knockout mice normal chow or a high fat diet (HFD) for 25 weeks. The knock out mice had impaired glucose tolerance and high body fat at baseline. They measured food intake and body weight evert 2 weeks and measured glucose tolerance and gut microbiota composition and population at baseline and at the end of the intervention at 25 weeks. According to their findings the wild type mice that were fed a high fat diet gained the most weight followed by the gene Apoa knockout mice. The same results were also seen for glucose tolerance test with the wild type mice on a high fat diet showing a larger spike in blood glucose. Significant differences in microbial composition was seen between animals on different diets rather than animals with genetic differences. HFD eliminated bifidobacteria and increased the abundance of endotoxin producing desulfovibrionaceae. Diet differences accounted for

The use of the first form of microbe-based therapeutics, probiotics, is beneficial for preventing disease. These live microorganisms are known to strengthen the equilibrium of the gut flora by the development of healthy gut

The research in this article focuses on gut bacteria found in people from different cultures and how this can negatively impact us. At the end of the article, Zimmer explains that Americans, residing in a western society, have microbes in the gut that attack the body. He explains that this is because of the carbohydrates attacking the body when not given enough dietary fiber. This problem is not found in foraging cultures because of their seasonally changing food source which positively impacts their body. This is an important discovery of gut bacteria in western culture because now researchers can underscore the importance of dietary fiber in modern industrialized societies with enough evidence to back up their claims. This can also provide insight on how diets in western societies can adapt and change to improve the health and well-being of its people.

One study showed gut bacteria may help with the development of insulin resistance. It also supported a connection between diabetes and gut bacteria. Ongoing research is being done to find out if a person's gut bacteria is related to insulin resistance and diabetes and how it works.

Brenda Watson in her three videos talks about the health of your gut. Guts are apparently really important toward bacteria. In our entire

If the makeup of bad bacteria out numbers good bacteria, there is a risk of developing various diseases. Here we will discuss about the inextricable linkage between bad gut bacteria and weight gain.

Exercise has been shown to affect the gut microbiome. From what past studies have shown, the microbes in lean athletes were of different variation in their intestines than other normal people. Scientist began new studies

I would be very pleased to contribute to research within the intended Junior Research Group on Nutrition and Microbiota. Ever since my completion of my bachelors in veterinary medicine and work as a pathobiologist, I have had a growing interest in studying how the microbiota contributes to chronic diseases. Lifestyle factors, including diet play an extremely important role in the development of these diseases.

This experiment (Gut Health and Food Safety Blog. Web. 21 Nov. 2014) was conducted to see how effective phage might be in combatting C. difficile infections. The researchers built a model of the human colon, then proceeded to grow C. difficile bacteria inside. Once all bacteria colonies were counted researchers sprayed the inside of the colon with φCD27 (a lysogenic cyclic bacteriophage). Data shows significant reduction of live bacteria inside the colon. The few bacteria that were left had significantly reduced toxicity(much less dangerous)

This mechanism of diversity caused by many flora inside the digestive track of humans are beneficial because it helps with the digestion of a more diverse product. Even if the probiotic does not help with digestion some other