Summary Of Nationalism And Masculinity By Cynthia Enloe

21.nation-state- A form of state in which it identifies itself by forms of culture and a sovereign territorial

21.nation-state- A form of state in which it identifies itself by forms of culture and a sovereign territorial unit.

1A.1.) A nation is a unified group of people with a common culture. An example of a nation without a state is the Kurds.This is because the Kurds do not have a state of their own since the Kurdish land includes parts of Iraq, Syria and Armenia and the Kurdish people are often the majority in cities in this region.

The author says that “Nation is an imagined political community” and the author believes this since it is imagined as limited and sovereign. These three sources support nationalism from different perspectives, source number one and two, views nationalism from different sides. Source one and three view nationalism from different perspectives. Sources two and three believe that nationalism is beyond culture and

George Lois, who is an American designer, author and art director, designed the Esquire Cover, 1965 “The Masculinisation of the American woman”. The covers dimensions are 33.5 x 26 and feature a photograph of a blonde lady shaving, which was then printed and edited to make a printed magazine cover. This is one of 92 covers that George Lois created within 1962 to 1972. Although the cover does use text it only uses the text that is essential for the magazine such as the name of the magazine, the name of the cover and the magazine edition, which in this case is the March 1965 edition. In terms of the subject matter, this cover shows a pretty woman looking directly into the camera, which gives the illusion that the woman is shaving in front of a mirror. The woman photographed is an Italian Actress called, Virna Lisi, the concept was thought of by George Lois as he wanted ‘to capture a woman being manly and still beautiful’. The image itself is the largest item on the cover compared to the text. Although this concept went on to be one of the most successful covers that he had created, some thought that the idea was ‘too edgy’ and would cost them to loose clients.

What is a nation-state? A nation-state is defined as a type of political organization in which a group of relatively homogenous people live in one area under one government, and its development actually traces back to the Middle Ages. Medieval Europe was unified by the Roman Catholic Church, a powerful, but corrupt, institution. This corruption, coupled with the Renaissance spirit, led to increasing dissatisfaction with the Church and sparked the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation. These revolutionary ideas created conflicts between rulers, especially the triumph of the Protestant German princes over Charles V in 1555, which laid the foundations for the first true nation-states, France, Germany, and Italy, centuries later.

- Nation-state: a political unit consisting of a self-governing state populated primarily by a people sharing a common culture and/or religion, history, and language.

The definition of masculinity; Is the fact of being a man or having qualities considered typical of a man.

What forms a nation is something that is quantified differently depending on the argument, some having do with natural land boundaries, some having to do with an ethnic background, some with a religious background and others still having do with blood. A nation is a group of people who collectively have something that unites them. For Pearson, a nation is an organized whole in a constant struggle with others through efforts to make the nation intelligent and homogeneous. This means that a nation can only have one type of member forming its populations, the highly intelligent superior race fulfilling every role in society. A nation has to struggle within as a nation against all other nations to prove to themselves that they were the best and

The defining characteristic of the state is the ability to wield power. The use of power, both inside and outside of one’s border, directly speaks to the sovereignty of the nation. If a nation is incapable of disciplining or punishing its citizens it will invariably become a failed state. Moreover if a country isn’t recognized as powerful in the global political arena, that country stands a very good chance of being dominated by a nation who has the capacity to enforce its own will. The use, or at least the perception, of power is so fundamental in nationhood that those who wield the most power can easily dictate world events.

Historically, masculinity in the United States has been constructed as being White Protestant Anglo-Saxon, furthermore heterosexual and in charge of all matters, and this definition sets standards against which other men are measured an evaluated. Michael Kimmel provides a good definition:

To read Babio without recognizing the gender politics at work in the play would disregard much of how the play itself creates meaning. So much of the play’s plot and character dynamics are related to the way gender functions in this play. One major theme of Babio is the idea of masculinity and how masculinity is defined. Through the portrayal of Babio as an effeminate character, Babio is able to define masculinity through absences in Babio’s Character. Consequently, Babio makes the additional point that lovesickness is not an intrinsic aspect of medieval masculinity, despite the fact that love sickness is often attributed to men.

Masculinity and femininity are unescapeable. We are taught how to be masculine or feminine from birth but for men, the highest form of masculinity achievable is hegemonic masculinity. In this essay, I will define hegemonic masculinity, discuss how it perpetuates homophobia by restricting the way men interact with one another and by the use of the word fag, and how it perpetuates gender inequality through the expectations of violence, no emotions, and being breadwinners.

In contemporary society, hegemonic masculinity is defined by physical strength and boldness, heterosexuality, economic independence, authority over women and other men, and an interest in sexual relationships. While most men do not embody all of these qualities, society supports hegemonic masculinity within all its institutions, including the educational institute, the religious institute and other institutes which form the ideological state apparatus.

A nation is said to exist when it could traced its origins through the state, in which it associate itself with, histories. Additionally, the cultural elites must be established and well-versed in writing and speaking the national language. There must also be a valid reason for its claim on a certain territory. It is only when these three requirements are fulfilled will the international community consider their claim for a nation (Hobsbawm, 1990: 37). Disagreements, however, tend to arise in the political community over the definition of a nation. This essay will try to list out the different approaches employed in defining a nation starting from a nation being a natural cultural entity to it being politically and