Summary Of Program Four: Creators Of The Future

“Levi Coffin Describes Margaret Garner’s Attempt to Escape Slavery” is a story about a slave named Margaret Garner, who attempted to escape slavery in the winter of 1856. The story took place in Boone County, Kentucky – a slave state and Cincinnati, Ohio - where slavery is illegal. The author, Levi Coffin, a prosperous Quaker and abolitionist, who was an active leader in the Underground Railroad network that helped thousands of fugitive slaves escape to freedom. He was a religious man and an opponent of African American slavery and felt it was his duty to feed the hungry and clothe the naked, no matter the color of the person. Several years after slavery was abolished in America, Coffin was encouraged by many of his friends to write his memoir of how Margaret Garner was driven to kill her child and attempt to kill her other three children and herself. It is the heartbreaking honesty in this act of brutality which displays what the lives of slaves were like; This shows how far an enslaved mother will go to protect her children from the pain they would endure if taken back to slavery.

When an antibiotic is given to kill bacteria sometimes some of the bacterial can survive because it is adapting to its environment. The surviving bacteria will pass on their resistant genes from generation to generation. An example of a bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics is Tuberculosis. It is a contagious bacteria that infects the lungs. Over the years Tuberculosis has become resistant to multiple antibiotics due to directional selection.

Antibiotic resistance evolves in bacteria. Charles Darwin created the theory of evolution which focused on natural selection being the key factor of how things change. Natural selection is when organisms that are better suited to the environment are able to reproduce successfully. Evolution is descent with modification. Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by a mutation. The bacteria that did not die from the antibiotic inherited the gene from an ancestor that made it resistant. Since the other bacteria is dying faster than the resistant bacteria, the resistant bacteria are able to multiply

The misuse and overdose of the antibiotics increase the resistance problem. It can cause these bacteria to

When non-resistant bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic, most of them die. But due to the increase of mutations some of the bacteria are becoming resistance to the antibiotic. The bacteria are all subject to natural selection. Natural selection is as simple as saying that the bacteria that have not developed a mutation or resistance that helps them to survive die. The ones that do, survive and pass on the mutation to the next generation. This means that we are constantly having to adapt our antibiotics because so much of the mutation is getting passed along. The flu vaccination is a good example of how mutations are carried over and how the vaccine had to be changed every year to fight the ever changing virus. Some strains

Antibiotic resistance is when microorganisms, such as bacteria, are able to survive an exposure to antibiotics and these bacteria are now resistant to the effects of these antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been an issue since antibiotics were discovered. The fact that bacteria can become resistant to our medical treatments such as antibiotics is a natural evolutionary process, but there are certain human contributions that definitely speed up the process. For example, one of the main contributions that will be discussed is the problem of over prescription of the antibiotic drugs. The

For a bacterium to become resistant a change in its DNA must occur. This can happen in more than one way. Bacterium may gain resistance through spontaneous mutation within the bacterium’s DNA. This occurs when a single amino acid that makes up a protein changes arrangement, the order of the peptide chain (made up of amino acids, joined together to make up proteins) then the purpose of the protein in the DNA changes. This causes the genetic makeup of the cell to alter. If the mutation is of benefit and gives the bacteria resistance, once all the other none resistant strains of bacteria are killed, the resistant bacteria multiplies and reproduces, creating a new strain of bacteria which is resistant to the antibiotic in hand. Once a resistance gene is obtained and inserted into the DNA, the bacterium can dominate other bacteria and

Moral decadence At the beginning of The Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare describes Macbeth as a brave and recognized hero, but when we actually meet him, we can analyze the way he thinks. The soliloquys and asides are the key to understand this character since he thinks at loud we are able to determine what he really seeks. We realize that his perception of things changes quickly, and he is easily manipulated. The witches introduce Macbeth to his fate, he does not need to become king but when he hears that he is capable of achieving this rank, something in his mind woke up and he begins a new face in his life.

The root of this problem lies in what Charles Darwin called the “survival of the fittest” in which organisms eventually adapt and evolve in response to their environment and its impending threats in order to survive. Bacteria is now doing this in response to antibiotics, which are purposed to kill bacteria so as to eliminate infections and diseases. However, now more and more bacteria are evolving to form antibiotic-resistant strains that there are no or very expensive antibiotics or treatments for yet, even if they were once easily treated diseases. Often this is a result of overuse or improper use of antibiotics by both medical professionals and patients. Overuse, such as attempting to use antibiotics for infections that do not warrant them, such as the common cold, allows existing bacteria to devise mechanisms such as “neutralizing” antibiotics, removing antibiotics, adapting their structure so as to become impenetrable to the antibiotics, or improving upon their genetics. Improper use of bacteria, such as beginning an antibiotic, but failing to use it to completion, also allows bacteria to do the

Professor Laura Piddock, Professor of Microbiology at the University of Birmingham, said: “The screening tool developed by these researchers could be a ‘game changer’ for discovering new antibiotics as it allows compounds to be isolated from soil producing micro-organisms that do not grow under normal laboratory conditions.”

Also known as superbugs, these bugs are resistant to our modern day antibiotics. People around the world are trying to figure out alternatives to this plague. These bugs have evolved over years and years becoming stronger and passing down genes from generation to generation, To slowly become the super bugs that they are known as today. Often these resistant genes are caused by overuse of antibiotics by humans and farm animals, but this is not always true. Recently the ARS (the American Recorder Society) found antibiotic resistance in prairie soils that had no human contact. Antibiotic resistance is commonly viewed as a result of antibiotic overuse in humans and animals, Recently found antibiotic-resistant

Regular low doses of antibiotics that aren’t strong enough to destroy or kill bacteria provides a suitable environment for bacteria to develop mechanism of survival or to become resistant. The bacteria acquires ways to fight off antibiotics through hindering antibiotics from reaching their target cells .For example changing the permeability of cell walls or distorting the structure of cells or completely replacing them . So, in brief antibiotic resistance happens whenever an antibiotic losses its ability to effectively kill or control the growth of bacteria.

The early history of the Western Civilization the accumulation of political, economic, social, and intellectual traditions that has developed for 5,000 years since the appearance of the first civilizations in the ancient Near East (Instructor, 2016). This history is highlighted by the rise of many different kingdoms and empires each with contributions to modern western cultures. The following essay will describe the Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Ancient Egyptians.

However, antibiotic use has not been without consequence and several factors had contributed to the development of resistance. Some resistances are due to spontaneous mutation and these mutations are for select antibiotic resistance whilst other bacteria tend to steal the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from their counterparts who are already familiar with antibiotics (Mims, 2004; Tenover, 2006).

Bacteria that are able to develop or acquire (through lateral gene transfer) a stochastic mutation that enables antibiotic resistance are more likely to survive and mature to replication stage and are therefore favoured by natural selection (Antimicrobial Resistance, 2013). These strains are then able to outcompete antibiotic susceptible bacteria in environments with antibiotics present to replicate to continue to harm the infected organism. Some mutations in the bacteria allow it to produce chemicals (enzymes) that inactivate antibiotics, while other mutations eliminate the cell target that the antibiotic attacks.