Summary Of Resistance By Spade

We live in a society were they may be times were anything can happen, with terrorist organizations, and social justice issues causing uproar. While we have still problems to work on as citizens, the government we live upon continues to create new restrictions which restore fear into some citizens. Liberalism has been rare in the practice and theory in the last two hundred years. But as a state that lives off of liberal values, the struggle for equality still continues. In the essay “The Liberalism of Fear”, philosopher Judith Shklar focuses on developing the definition of political liberalism, by means of discovering the role that cruelty plays in political and social life. There are many primary issues in the Liberalism of Fear that I must addressed. Also I shalll expound on her arguments surrounding the fear of tyranny, fear of abuse and how it makes a distinct connection to our reality now.

Over the length of this course, we have discussed several aspects of politics. We have studied citizenship and obligations to society as a citizen, justice and what it means to us as individuals, and how to go about enacting change within a community and around the world. Some of the most important topics from this class included the characteristics, duties, and obligations of rulers of government. In addition to the concept of rulers, we also studied the notion of authority and the moral and metaphysical implications of authority to individuals ' autonomy. Within each concept of study, we read works from many authors with conflicting ontologies, constructed from their differing views on human nature.

So is important that we, critically, self-assess our attitudes and values, to find out what is necessary to improve or to change, towards a better understanding of the school diversity, a better awareness of possible barriers and how to face them, in a way to promote inclusion on school environment. Not making suppositions about children and young people and have a wider knowledge about their backgrounds, interests, abilities, individual needs and positive attributes, will help us to provide more efficient, suitable and personalised support for them. Is also important, to take in to account, at all the time, the importance of that diversity and the ways to avoid discrimination. Schools (in their policies) and we, as component part of the school, have the duty to guarantee that, anti-discriminatory practice (and not discrimination), is promoted.

The progressive era spelled political reform for the government officials. These same officials who seemingly favored the “progression” in that time, however, suppressed any social change that challenged conservative ideals. Under the guise of progressives and the continuous passing of new laws – none of which favored people in desperate need of social reform. Racism and racist acts of violence were still at large during the “progressive” movement.

Having embedded the policies of western influence with the politics of the D.R. allows the ideas of white supremacy to emerge; not only in governmental laws and politics, but against race gender and sexuality (Perez Hazel 2014:86). Karl Marx theory of Marxism is very prevalent. For instance, Seve reacts with an explosion of anger after being called a “Haitian”, which exposed the self-hatred that has internalized under the dictatorial laws (Perez Hazel 2014). The Marxist theories embrace this kind of social stratification.

Many parts of the world have recently begun to question and focus on the purpose of politics and even have started to propose new alternatives or options to what was traditionally accepted as government. Specifically, in Latin America, the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) is proposing the establishment of a political-social organization that would run parallel to the framework recognized as law. The article, “Societies in Movement vs. Institutional Continuities? Insights from the Zapatista Experience,” written by Diana Guillén, explains the the causation behind the creation of autonomous institutions, like the one proposed by the Zapatista,

Going to the not so distant past, Bonilla Silva argues that the Jim Crow laws only fortified the idea that white society is the only one that actually means something, and that the African-Americans suffer from innate flaws, citing genetic and moral inferiority, which was the main cause for their second-class status in society. From this, he argues, the modern state, and the predominant social group, white, draws its quasi-legitimacy and the current status quo in terms of racial relations, wherein the minorities exist in a make-believe system of null-oppression, mainly due to the fact that they are extended the same economic opportunities (in the view of the liberal state) as others (Bonilla Silva, 2010).

The seminar delivered to the class touched upon the central idea of oppressing others with differences, and subjecting the minority due to the lack of authority. An example of this rooting from the presentation connects to the theme of corruption within authority, as powerful figures most often earn their riches through a system involving corruption, collusion, as well as nepotism. The topic of the seminar circulated around infamous authoritative figures and their likelihood to take advantage of their dominance. This reaffirms the generalized notion that power comes with the ability to commit acts of prejudice to those below one’s level on the socioeconomic scale; as superiority, as well as prejudicial judgement based on stereotypes leads to injustice on a societal, national, and sometimes worldwide

right to represent or rule some areas of society’s lives. Social scientists are able to see the

Authorities can criminalize any action that minority ethnics do by the dominant groups (Leon-Guerrero: 2014,342). Finally, conflict perspective argues that the criminal justice is unequal and

It is obvious that the comparison between two power is usually dismatched. The opponents are often overshadowed by the authorities, in turn, the opponents are weaker, two aspects in particular. Convention gets in the way of innovation and rebellion. It also restricted by the contemporary

Through understanding where ultimate authority resides in political institutions, the features and key principles of democracy are analysed. Furthermore, through revising sovereignty, it can be understood how it applies to non-democratic institutions such as dictatorships or one party political regime. By studying sovereignty, a comparison of the contrasting political regimes, (democracies and dictatorships) can be undertaken. Sovereignty, in this way is an intrinsic part of the study of politics. The concept of sovereignty enables a student to explore one of the political controversies of the C21st.

“How can individuals or communities respect or achieve singularity when the means of organizing social relations are the impersonal mechanisms of positive law, the administrative bureaucratic state, and the market economy?” (ibid).

Through analyzing the written works of Max Weber’s Types of Legitimate Domination and Bureaucracy to C. Wright Mills’ The Sociological Imagination, the writings of the comparative authors reveal the domination of power in a socially constructed society and the way that individuals are influenced by the constructed hierarchy of power. Through sociological analysis, these concepts can be applied to the ways individuals are continuously influenced through socially constructed institutions in a society where individuals constantly interact with one another. As Mills and Weber apply sociological analysis to the context of their observations, they are able to observe the growing positive and negative influences that ultimately shape the

The treatment of the role and meaning of the concept of "power" within the theory of Jurgen Habermas, as it was elaborated in the two volumes of The Theory of Communicative action and later in Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action,(1) has undergone some significant changes in his latest work: Between Facts and Norms.(2) In this new book he introduces the term Communicative power which has to be seen in the context of his ambitious project of theorizing deliberative democracy, or, in his words "government by law". (BFN, p.132) According to the advocates of deliberative democracy, citizens’ participation in the democratic process has a rational character. Deliberative democracy explains the process of opinion and will-formation as a public discursive activity where citizens are engaged in argumentation that is aimed at promoting the more generalizable interests by the force of a better argument. View in this light,