Summary Of The Effect Of Proranolol

Sympathomimetics are medications that mimic the effects of neurotransmitter substances of the sympathetic nervous system (Karch, 2013, p.930). These medications stimulate the ‘fight or flight’ response and can cause the bronchi to dilate with increased rate and depth of respiration. Thus, these drugs are used to treat lower respiratory tract disorders. Anticholinergics are medications that block the action of acetylcholine on the parasympathetic nervous system. These medications are used to treat lower respiratory disorder because they can dilate the bronchi and reduce

In the case of this article, evidence was provided for the effectiveness of using a combination of CBT and imipramine for the treatment of panic disorder. If more research is conducted in terms of the effectiveness of combination treatment (that is drug and therapy), clinicians will be able to successfully suggest treatment plans to patients. In lecture, it was also discussed that simply because a treatment did not wield the evidence requires to name it “effective” it did not mean it was useless. It may be that it works in small percentage of individuals. As seen in the article, the combination of CBT with imipramine had results similar to those of CBT with a placebo pill, creating the question whether it works or

The pertinent findings will be explained, and their implications on future anti-depressants will be addressed.

Anti-muscarinics and antispasmodics agents fall under the autonomic-anticholinergic classification type of medication. Anticholinergic medications have similar pathologies, though they are used for different medical conditions such as overactive bladder, irritable bowel syndrome, Parkinson’s disease and certain psychological issues to name a few. The pathology of these medications is through by binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, blocking of the parasympathetic ability to bind the target receptor. According to Williams & Baer (1998), anticholinergic drugs such as, anti-muscarinics and antispasmodics, interrupt parasympathetic nerve impulses by competing with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor sites, this

Agonists are drugs with affinity for a receptor that cause a specific response. (Colbert, 2016, pg26) Beta2 adrenergic receptor agonists are a class of medications that cause muscle unwinding. It causes smooth muscle widening of bronchial entries, vasodilatation in muscle and liver, unwinding of uterine muscle and release of insulin. Inhaled salmeterol and formoterol, known as long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABAs), are widely used to manage the symptoms of COPD, so it is important to understand their benefits and side effects. (PubMedHealth,2013) They are fundamentally used to treat asthma and other pneumonic issues, for example, unending obstructive pulmonary ailment. There are a few types of beta2 agonists' for example short acting and long

Chronic intake, delayed onset of action, drug resistance and numerous side effects of current antidepressants have forced researchers to look for new and safer drugs (1, 2) with rapid onset and longer acting times.

From the passage “Drugs for Test Anxiety”, Pharmacists explain the three most commonly used drugs for test anxiety: Beta blockers, Benzodiazepines, and antidepressants. Beta blockers (Propranolol) are a medication usually used to take care of high blood pressure, but are also used for test anxiety. Propranolol slows heart rate and will give you a less nervousness feeling. It should never be taken for the first time on the day of an important event because of side effects. Side effects consist of lightheadedness and a decrease in heart beat. Certain medical conditions prohibit people from taking this medication, such as asthma. Benzodiazepines can be used regularly. The amount of dosage needed to be taken can be unpredictable depending on weight, age, and how often it is of use. This treatment lowers the level of anxiety but has a few side effects, such as sleepiness and impairs memory. Benzodiazepines have an addictive potential if taken frequently. Antidepressants are used for more general types of anxiety, such as social anxiety. Antidepressants were initially made to treat anxiety disorders as well as eating disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), dysthymia, and more. Antidepressants side effects include a potential to have suicidal thoughts and may experience agitation (Weld,

Recent discoveries have shown the possibility of using propranolol, a drug commonly used to treat hypertension, to treat patients with autism. Inderal LA (propranolol hydrochloride) is manufactured largely by ANI Pharmaceuticals Inc. (U. S. Food and Drug Administration). The IUPAC name for propranolol is 1-naphthalen-1-yloxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol (National Center for Biotechnology Information). Figure-1 shows the structure of propranolol hydrochloride, which is the active component sold in pharmaceutical the industry. Propranolol’s use is to provide a reduction in “resting heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and reflex orthostatic hypotension.” Propranolol is able to do this because it “competes

There was a 1 week single-blind lead-in with placebo where non-responders (n= 80) were randomized in 1:1 ratio to quetiapine or placebo treatment for 12 weeks (1). Initially, patients started at a dose of 25mg at bedtime and clinical response and tolerability were used to guide titration (1). At the end, the dose ranged from 50 to 800mg daily with an average of 258mg daily for the quetiapine arm (1). Other psychotropic medications may not be used during the study except rescue mediations during the first 2 weeks including chloral hydrae for insomnia or agitation and lorazepam for anxiety or agitation (1). Participants were followed up during week 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 for evaluation (1).

It looked at data regarding first-line pharmacotherapy for treatment for patients with panic disorders (Batelaan, Van Balkom & Stein, 2012). After reviewing evidence-based pharmacotherapy for panic disorders, they concluded that SSRIs along with SNRIs venlafaxine and Benzodiazepines should be the primary medications for panic disorders (Batelaan et al., 2012). When analyzing the efficacy of these drugs, it showed that these medications stayed effective in both short-term and long-term treatment (Batelaan et al., 2012). The three aspects researchers looked at to determine the effectiveness of the drugs were side-effects, drop out rates and time of onset (Batelaan et al., 2012). When looking at the panic disorder clinical trials, drop out rates for SSRIs and Benzodiazepines were 18% and 15% respectively. TCAs and MAOIs on the other hand showed a 30% dropout rate among patients with panic disorders (Batelaan et al., 2012). When looking at onset of action, antidepressants (SSRIs and SNRIs venlafaxine) are relatively slow, however TCAs showed a slower onset than SSRIs, SNRIs venlafaxine and Benzodiazepines (Batelaan et al., 2012). Researchers concluded that both SSRIs and SNRIs venlafaxine should be considered as first-line agents for treatment along with Benzodiazepines. The study did mention however, that there have not been one to one comparisons between SSRIs and SNRIs

The disease that propranolol was designed to treat is angina pectoris which was first clinically recorded in 1768.

(naphthyl) -propionic acid, which is synonym própíónsýruafleiðu naproxen. Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs non-steroidal (NSAID), which also has analgesic and antipyretic properties. The mechanism of inflammatory destruction is not known exactly.

Anxiety disorders are one of the most common psychiatric diagnosis made in routine clinical practice. Previous studies have shown a significant association between anxiety disorders and medical conditions such as cardiac disorder, hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders and migraine. Moreover, certain medical conditions are identified to cause anxiety like symptoms and it might be difficult to differentiate from anxiety disorders in the early phase of physical illness. It can be said that anxiety disorders have a long list of differential diagnosis in psychiatric disorders. Important medical conditions as differential diagnosis anxiety disorders are mitral valve prolapse syndrome, diabetes, hyperthyroidism and adverse effect of certain medications.

Alprazolam is also classified as a benzodiazepine that helps facilitate sleep by producing a calming effect that helps in muscle relaxation and motor coordination. The drug also affects the Central Nervous System and the limbic and subcortical levels of the brain. The drug binds to specific receptors at several different sites in the brain. An anti-anxiety effect is produced by the drug increasing the force of the neurotransmitter Gamma-aminobutyric acid on its receptor which enhances inhibition and blocks the stimulation of the limbic and cortical portions of the brain. The effects of the drugs range from mild cognitive change to complete mood changer depending on the how high or low of the dose the patient is taking (“DrugBank: Alprazolam”,

In total, the results of 1460 patients receiving antidepressant medication and 858 receiving a placebo sugar pill were analyzed. This analysis combined the results from these 19 different studies and generated an effect size (which is calculated as the mean of the experimental group minus the mean of the control group, divided by the pooled standard deviation SD). Once Kirsch and Sapirstein subtracted mean placebo response rates from mean drug response rates, they found a mean medication effect of 0.39 SDs (1). For each type of medication, the effect size for the active drug response to drug response is between 1.43 and 1.69, and the placebo response is between 74% and 76% of the active drug response. This means that 75% of the effect attributed to the perceived use of anti-depressants was due to the placebo. The perception of clinical benefit from antidepressants was largely attributed to the perceptions of the mind, and not to the actual chemical make-up of the pills patients were taking. The placebo effect shows us that the mind heavily influences our perceptions of wellness and health.