Summary Of The Effects Of Father Involvement

Collective research focusing on family-school partnerships provide an extensive examination of parent involvement. Smith et al., (2011) referred to parent involvement as school, family, and community partnerships for the purpose of shared expectations, responsibilities, interests, and correlating influences of family, school, and community. Epstein’s (2008) framework of parent involvement approached parent involvement typologies from an institutional perspective; the framework for this literature review was conducted with a parental perspective that may positively affect academic achievement among students in 6th – 12th grades attending high poverty, rural schools. An explanation of Epstein’s six categories of parent involvement follows:

The methods or style of parenting, teaching and engagements strong impacts on the child development as it is the primary socialization point for children. It gives children a point of reference as when they are young they grow observing and learning keenly on what their parents are doing. Studies show that, children that are raised by active, involving and playful fathers performs better in school, have higher IQ and can cope with school related stress easily compared to those that are raised in families where father figure is absent or less involving. It also shows

However, not just the mere presence of a father is enough to make a difference in a child’s development. Research has shown that a child’s development is affected by both the quantity and quality of father involvement (Wilson & Prior, 2010). Being an involved father means not only investing economic resources into a child, but also time. Wilson and Prior (2010) found that high levels of father involvement was associated with significant and highly desirable children’s developmental outcomes. Similarly, Bronte-Tinkew, Carrano, Horowitz, and Kinukawa (2008) used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort to investigate whether or not a fathers involvement would play role in infant cognitive outcomes. They found that high father involvement reduces the likelihood of infant cognitive delay. Further they found that this was especially true for male infants and infants with disabilities.

Some scholars have argued the notion that fathers are important contributors to their children and adolescents’ psychosocial development (Mandara, Murray, & Joyner, 2005). According to Allgood, Beckert, and Peterson (2012), researchers are beginning to understand the importance of examining children’s perspectives and the relationships and levels of involvement children have with their fathers.

For various reasons, many children in the United States are living without their fathers in their homes or absent from their lives entirely. This is an issue all across the world and the children are having to deal with the disadvantages caused by the lack of support from their fathers. This issue has a significant effect on society and can be viewed and interpreted from the three sociological perspectives. As a result of many studies, it was found that children raised in father absent homes almost universally experience disadvantages such as: worse health, poorer academic achievement, and a less enjoyable educational experience. There are many variables that need to be taken into effect when considering

The data was collected in the Netherlands. “...highly educated divorced fathers were better able to maintain high-quality relationships with their children than divorced fathers who had a lower level of education” (Kalmijn, 932) meaning the upper-middle class fathers have a better chance of a relationship with their child than the lower-class. The Netherlands divorce rate is similar to other Western European countries but lower than in the United States. In 1998, arrangements for after divorce agreements changed in the Netherlands, and ensured in more frequent visits of children to divorced fathers. Gender roles in the Netherlands are becoming more considerably democratic in the past few decades and is now more equitable than the European average. However most of the respondents that were analyzed, experienced their parents divorce before these changes occurred.

There is a lot of research done on the reasons for early sexuality in African American women. Though there is no single factor that causes early sexual activity, many attribute it to the absence of strong father figure, this is addressed in a study done by Vicki Ellison Burns, “Living without a strong father figure: A context for teen mothers’ experience of having becoming sexually active”. Burns cited Ellis et al. (2003), father absence was a powerful and overriding risk factor for early-onset sexual activity and subsequent teen pregnancy. Father presence provided a major protective effect against these behaviors, even when other risk factors were present. In Ellison’s study, she obtained data by interviewing

Per Psychology Today, children who have an involved father from birth tend to be more emotionally secure, confident, better educational outcomes and

The video/ article was called "Breaking The Cycle of Absentee Father". The video is about a nonprofit organization for African American males so that they can be better father figures for their children. The man who started this is named Sheldon Smith. He created this organization because he wants to bring up the low percentage of father figures in Chicago. This organization works by having meetings and helping these men become better fathers through talking about problems and how they can fix them

“Breaking the cycle of [absent] fathers” is about a man named Sheldon Smith from Chicago that started a program for fathers, and it gives them the skills to be “positive role models and responsible parents.” This article was from CNN News and was published on April 27, 2016.

Research has shown that the presence of healthy attachments between parents and children during infancy are a cornerstone of individual’s future social and emotional well-being (Zastrow 147). Secure levels of attachment are associated with healthy peer relationships, higher self-esteem and overall survival. In "Associations among Supportive Co-parenting, Father Engagement and Attachment: The Role of Race/Ethnicity, Pudasainee-Kapri and Razza examine the impact of supportive co-parenting, and father engagement on mother-child attachment. The article was written by

Relationships between fathers and stepfathers can vary in many ways. In the movie, “Daddy’s Home”, it shows a great example of the relationship between the biological father and the stepfather. In the film it clearly demonstrates four conceptual categories as mentioned in the article, “Managing the Multifather Family:Stepfathers as Father Allies”, which were, development, purpose, awareness level, and reciprocity routines. Development is how the father and the stepfather learned about each other. It was either prior to the stepfather dating the birth mother or while dating.

The “Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant,” financially funded the studies and research that had been conducted. The researchers in this experiment were Jan Blacher, Bruce L. Baker, the Undergraduates and Graduates from UCLA as well as UC Riverside. Now, it had been understood that fathers who take the time to care for their children with behavior issues or any sort of disability can naturally diminish psychological difficulties within their child. A father will always have a diverse relationship with their kids. The ideal reasoning behind this experiment was to

Paternal involvement is impacted by culture and gender norms. The gender and cultural norms in male parents is portrayed through the behaviors they show. Gender stereotypes are different depending on the culture. The Hispanic cultures carry many gender stereotypes and bias, especially with parenting. The Hispanic parenting styles are based on power and sexism, mostly for male parents. The majority of Hispanic fathers perform Machismo. “Machismo is a Spanish word meaning strong and assertive masculinity and implying complete male authority” (Brannon, L., 2002). Hispanic males are affecting children with their masculine and dominance behaviors. A child who is raised by a father who believes in Machismo can be morally and psychologically affected. Over the years observational theories have been showing how much of an impact observations have on children. Children behave and act based on what it is taught to them by their parents. Parents are the children’s first teachers, especially during the children’s critical period of learning. Machismo can seem positively by some but machismo portrays sexism, hyper masculinity and aggressive attitudes. Machismo will only have a negative impact on children’s psychological development.

“I cannot think of any need in childhood as strong as the need for a father's protection.” --Sigmund Freud, Standard Edition, 1956