Superantigens Essay

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections, it can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infection, pneumonia or bone infections. Though it can cause infections it is part of the normal human flora it is mostly found on the skin or in nasal cavities. It is a facultative anaerobic gram positive cocci, it is usually in pairs or clusters. The bacterium is also catalase positive, oxidase

Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A streptococcus (GAS), is a β-hemolytic, Gram-positive bacterium that most commonly causes respiratory disease, including pharyngitis or tonsillitis, as well as skin infections such as impetigo and cellulitis. The organism is transmitted via respiratory droplets or by contact with fomites, and commonly infects young children. In addition to the common clinical presentations associated with S. pyogenes, some individuals develop the postinfectious sequelae of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Due to the severity of these medical consequences, prophylactic antibiotic use is often recommended for any patients with otherwise mild S. pyogenes infections (21).

Streptococcus Pyogenes is a very diverse bacteria with effects ranging from nothing or a mild sore throat, to flesh eating disease, causing death in 40-60% of patients. The major and most common illnesses associated with this bacteria

Strep throat is a typical sort of sore throat in children, yet it's not extremely regular in adults. Health care professionals can do a quick test to figure out whether a sore throat is strep throat and choose if anti-infective agents are required. Appropriate treatment can help feel better quicker and prohibit spreading it to others. When need to find out the cause to strep throat, health care professionals using by swabbing the throat in order to fast get the result (CDC). I think your research is valuable to what methods are better effective to diagnosis.

According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the strep A bacteria is usually contracted when it enters the body through a break in the skin, such as a cut, scrape, bug bite, or puncture wound, Public Opinion reported.

2. A patient that is complaining of sore throat and swollen tonsils for over a week could take a cobas ® Strep A Assay. This test can help diagnosis the detection of Streptococcus pyogenes with a throat swab specimen. This test would be under the 87449QW CPT code. After the swab has been taken, place it in the airtight container that comes with the kit and the test should be done within 20 minutes.

pneumoniae were EMB, Oxidase, Citrate, Gelatin, Glucose, Lactose, SIM, Methyl Red, vogues Proskauer and phenylalanine. The start of the Biochemical test consisted of inoculation on regular nutrient agar and incubating for 48 hours. After incubation, gram staining was done to identify the bacterium as either gram positive or negative along with the shape of the bacterium using a microscope. The bacterium was then inoculated on EMB based on the identification of it being gram negative. After the inoculation on EMB, Oxidase, Citrate, Gelatin, Glucose, Lactose, SIM, Phenylalanine, and MR-VP were inoculated and incubated for 5 days. The results of each biochemical were observed and

Scarlet fever can become of strep throat in children. It is caused by the streptococcus bacteria, which makes a toxin that can cause a scarlet rash, from which this illness gets its name. Not all children react the same, or at all, to this toxin, but it is still important to watch for (Klein, M.D., 2012). Scarlet fever can be spread through mucus found in sneezes or coughs that pass through children when they are involved with close interactions through family and school. It generally takes two days for the symptoms to appear.

“Streptococcus is a bacteria that infects the Immune System. The Immune System is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that all work together to protect the body”("Immune Response"). According

Necrotizing Fasciitis is a bacterial infection caused by bacteria entering the body through open wounds or sores. There are multiple types of bacteria that can cause Necrotizing Fasciitis but the most common is streptococcus pyogenes also called group A streptococci. Group A streptococcus (GAS) is responsible for over a hundred different types of bacterial infections, ranging from minor illnesses such as strep throat or impetigo to serious illnesses like pneumonia and necrotizing fasciitis (C.D.C). GAS is a facultative gram positive coccus and ß-Hemolytic organism. This rare disease can be caused by more than one type of bacteria. These include Klebsiella, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, streptococcus pyogenes, and Aeromonas hydrophila, among

Streptococcal exotoxins, also known as superantigens, are central mediators of the systematic effects with GAS (Group A Streptococci) infections. They are able to stimulate a large proportion of the T-cell population and produce an uncontrollable response with towering amounts of cytokines. Twelve superantigens produced by GAS have been discovered, and abundant GAS strain contain genes encoding four to six different

Streptococcus pyogenes is a very common bacteria found in humans. It is very transmissible and can be caught through the air via coughing or sneezing. This form of Strep. illness is referred to as Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as Strep. throat, which can complicate into Scarlet Fever. It is also possible to be infected through abrasions of the skin, which can result in cellulitis, impetigo, or even necrotizing fasciitis. Aside from human to human contact, these bacteria can also be found in unpasteurized milk. There is no vaccine for Streptococcal infections, though antibiotics such as penicillin still work very well against them.

It begins with a harmless cut in the skin and spreads rapidly into nearby tissue. When streptococci on the skin are introduced to the cut, strains of group A release enzymes and toxins that greatly increase invasiveness and virulence. Invasive bacteria are pathogens that can invade parts of the body where bacteria are not normally present, such as the bloodstream, and soft tissues like muscle or fat. Virulence is the degree of pathogenicity determined by its ability to establish itself in a host and survive the host defense. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. Antibody to M protein gives type-specific immunity to group A streptococci. Antibody to erythrogenic toxin prevents the rash of scarlet fever. Immune mechanisms are important in the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever. S. pyogenes produce several virulence factors that lend to its pathogenicity, or disease-causing capabilities. It contains a capsule that helps allow the bacteria to disguise it from getting engulfed by white blood cells (phagocytosis). It also contains proteins on its cell wall that allows it to adhere to epithelial cells, which allows it to produce disease. S. pyogenes also produces several enzymes that give the bacteria the ability to destroy tissue and spread. The enzymes digest the connective tissue in the skin. Lastly, it produces a wide variety of toxins that can produce

Super antigens are components of certain viral and bacterial (Staphylococcus) pathogens that bind and stimulate huge numbers of T cell. Super antigens also bind Major Histocompatilibily Complex (MHC ll) at the site outside the normal peptide-binding site on Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs). These interactions mimic conventional antigen presentation and activate T cells to grow and divide and produce lymphocytes, such as IL-2 and TNF-alpha, which induces diarrhoea. As in normal responses, cytokines are produced by the activated T cells that activate other cells, such as phagocytes and macrophages. The widespread production of cytokine by numerous superantigen-activated T cells damages the host cells and initiates an extensive cell-mediated response characterized by systemic inflammatory reactions. This causes Staphylococcal food poisoning inducing symptoms such as fever, vomiting and diarrhea which may be fatal in extreme

The release of two exotoxins from certain strains of S. aureus can lead to Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome (SSSS), which is characterized by blistering skin. Invasion into the body can lead to more serious health problems including pneumonia (a frequent complication of influenza), mastitis, phlebitis (inflammation of the veins), meningitis, and urinary tract infections. If the bacterium is allowed to colonize even deeper tissues more serious conditions such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis may result. The most serious consequences of these deeper tissue infections occur when the bacterium invades the bloodstream leading to septic shock and possibly death.