Essay about Superconductors

We use about 5.8 billion pounds of copper each year. We use copper for our money here in the United States. The copper is used in our pennies. Just in pennies we make about 13 billion pennies a year. All of that is copper. A penny weighs about 0.088 ounces. Another thing that we use copper for is electricity. Copper is a great conductor of electricity. Copper is able to take heat very well when running electricity because the conduct electrons. Copper is malleable and ductile. Since it is very ductile it allows us make wiring out of it. It is very well good at conducting heat so you will see it a lot in motor vehicle radiators and home heater systems. It is also used in air-conditioning. Copper is not really corrosive so that is why people will see it in pipes, water pipes. The only problem with the pipes made out of copper is that copper will bend and break really easy. Some copper is used in gun designs. They were also used for making swords and shields. Very few were made out of helmets but it was still used for that way back when. Also copper was well known for killing bacteria. So in the past they used it to treat wounds for patients because it could kill the bacteria. It was also used on the sides of ships to protect it from algae and other bacteria that may have harmed the boat. Copper has been used for a long time. It dates back to about ten thousand years

E. have different numbers of electrons. Correct See Section 2.1: How Does Atomic Structure Explain the Properties of Matter? Points Earned: 1/1 Correct Answer: D

In 1959 the Disneyland theme park introduced a new design breakthrough with the Matterhorn Bobsleds. This was the first roller coaster to use a tubular steel track. Unlike conventional rails set on wooden railroad ties, tubular steel can be bent in any direction, which allows designers to incorporate loops, corkscrews, and many other maneuvers into their designs. Most modern roller coasters are made of steel, although wooden coasters are still being built. New designs and technologies are pushing the limits of what can be experienced on the newest coasters.

named Maglev of the fact that is levitates off the rail using magnets. Lori Aratani states in her

Copper is used in various industries including: Building Industry – 47%, Transportation – 10%, Consumer Products – 11%, Electronic Products – 23% and Industrial Machines – 9%. Copper is an extremely good conductor, which is why it is produced and used in forms of copper wire, cabling, generators, motors and various other appliances. Copper’s resistance to corrosion means it can be used in areas containing moisture such as water piping and tanks, plumbing, and also in hot water systems which is effective due to its suitable heat conduction. It is easy to form shapes such as pipes with copper due to its malleability. Copper also has the ability to lose heat very quickly, which makes it an effective element to be used in air conditioning and heat exchangers.

There are 3 types of metals for electricity conducting: metallic conductor, semiconductor, and superconductor. Metallic conductors allow the free flow of ions and electrons through a sample; and its conductivity decreases as the temperature increases.

Copper is basic element with the sign on the periodic Cu. Copper is one of best conductors of all metals. It is second only to silver in its conductivity. “Its abundance tied the world together in telecommunication,” (Wojes par. 1); it has tied us together in communication because it is used in most electronic devices such as cell phones and televisions, allowing us to power them and communicate with each other almost instantly. It is also used in jewelery, architecture, and plumbing.

Copper (Chemical symbol Cu, Atomic number 29), is one of the best electrical conductors in all metals, has influenced the use of telecommunications throughout the world. We rely on copper for a lot of things - power, heating, lighting, transport, communication, and even coinage. The wide application of copper in our daily lives has made our homes, schools and businesses pleasant, decorative and efficient but also has created negative impacts in our environment.

Cornelius Vanderbilt changed up New York Central’s rail lines from iron to sturdier and more reliable steel (consolidated most of the rail lines)

The rail gun is a machine, in which it uses electromagnetic wave to send objects far distances without a use of a fuse. Its makeup is of, usually, two parallel copper rails, connected to a power source, which must be enormous. Within the rails is a groove carved out to fit in a small projectile, which can be aluminum, graphite, or copper.[1] The way the gun works is that the power source sends an electric current up one rail, going through the projectile, and down the second rail. The result is a powerful magnetic field that causes the projectile to be thrown out of the barrel at high speeds. This phenomenon has been named Lorentz Force.[2] Due to the design of the rails, the projectile accelerates as it moves up the barrel. All you physics majors should know the result; that’s right – higher velocity and farther distance. It is necessary for rails and the projectile to be conductive, which is why they are of such materials.

and a much lower superconducting transition temperature TC relative to the β phase: ca. 0.015 K vs. 1–4 K; mixing the two phases allows obtaining intermediate TC values. The TC value can also be raised by alloying tungsten with another metal . Such tungsten alloys are sometimes used in low-temperature superconducting circuits.

Resources: because the magnet connecting the joints of the railroad track would be small, it must be designed and labeled safe for young children who might swallow the piece. Since the magnet would be attached to a specific type of railroad track, it must be replacable in case children wear the magnet due to possible harsh usage. If there were to be any marks or damage to the magnet, it could be replaced with the purchase of another piece. This new magnet would then be able to be inserted between the joints of the railroad track and function the same as the original

Moreover, provides high level of safety and comfortable traveling felling for the Maglev Train passengers. Furthermore, it need to provide reliable, advanced, useful technology base for the future (Vuchic and Casello, 2002).

b) How the Quantum Free Electron Theory predicts that the conductivity of metals decreases as the temperature increases.

In the early 1900's a duch physicist by the name of Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (pictured above), discovered superconductivity. Before his discovery, Onnes had spent most of his scientific career studying extreme cold. The first step he took toward superconductivity was on July 10, 1908 when he liquified helium and cooled it to an astonishing 4 K, which is roughly the temperature of the background radiation in open space. Using this liquid helium, Onnes began experimenting with other materials and their properties when subjected to intense cold. In 1911, he began his research on the electrical properties of these same materials. It was known to Onnes that as materials, particularly metals, cooled, they exhibited less and less resistance. Bringing a mercury wire to as close to absolute zero as possible, Onnes observed that as the temperature dropped, so to did the resistance, until 4.2 K was reached. There resistance vanished and current flowed through the wire unhindered. Below is an approximate graph displaying resistance as a function of temperature for the experiment Onnes conducted with mercury: