Supergiant Star Research Paper

When stars died, chemicals other than hydrogen and helium formed, which led to the next level of complexity—Heavier Chemical Element. Most stars spent about 90% of their life over billions of years on during protons and hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei. When they run out of fuel, the furnace at the center of the star stopped supporting the star, and gravity took over. Small stars did not have much pressure at the center. They burned hydrogen slowly over billions of years at relatively low temperatures. When they died, they would slowly fade away. However, great stars had so much mass that they can create enormous pressures and temperature, and when the giant stars ran out of hydrogen, the temperature got cranked up even higher, which led the star to collapse. The high temperature that the collapse caused was able to make helium nuclei fuse into nuclei of carbon. When a star used up its helium, it collapsed again, and the cycle started over. The star heated up and began to fuse carbon to form

I pick the star Antares, from the H-R diagram I can tell that it it is a Red Supergiant, and it has a surface temperature that is around 3,000 degrees kelvin, which is cooler than the Sun by at least 2,000 degrees kelvin, but its luminosity is around 10,000 solar units, which means it produces much more energy than our Sun does, so it is a lot brighter. The spectral type of Antares is a M, I could tell that its spectral type was M because I read the H-R Diagram, the VLab told me that the star ‘Betelgeuse’ has a spectral type of M, and Antares is right below, and basically inside Betelgeuse. Stars with the same spectral type have the same chemical composition, so Antares has the chemical composition Ca (calcium), TiO (titanium oxide), CH (methylidene).

Main sequence star types include,red dwarves,yellow dwarves,blue giants,red giants,red supergiants.Stars spend most of their lives

Both high- and low-mass stars respond to the depletion of hydrogen fuel in a similar manner. In order to supply the heat to oppose its own self-gravity, the star 's core again responds by shrinking. In a sort of reflex reaction, the outer regions of the star expand, causing a great increase of its radiating surface area. Although the total energy output of the star increases during this phase, the greatly enhanced surface area results in a cooling of the surface and the star takes on a redder appearance. The size and color change lead to the name of red giant for these stars. If the star is very massive, it may become what is called a red supergiant.

They can extend to 1000 solar radius. Giant stars are smaller in size and colder than supergiant stars. (DTU 10ED Page: 354)

Another property of a star is temperature. By measuring the temperature of a star, scientists are able to tell how hot the star is. They use color to measure the temperature of stars. The red ones are the coolest (3,500 K), the yellow ones are warmer (5,000 to 7,000 K), the white ones are warmer still (9,000 to 15,000 K), and the blue ones are the hottest (20,000 to 50,000 K).

- The gravitational force become off balance and then when they become balance its bigger in size.

As this slow contraction continues, the core temperature, density, and pressure of the star continues to increase. As the star shrinks it becomes so dense that it starts to compress helium. This results in the star to swell due to the hot core and leaving a relatively cool surface. Eventually the outer layers of the star expand outwards, increasing the size of the star. As the layers continue to expand, the surface temperature continues to cool, forming a relatively large star called a red giant.

They are very luminous stars that have a relatively cool surface temperature compared to the stars in the main sequence that have about the same luminosity. Red giants typically have low to intermediate mass than a regular star, even though they are about 1000 times larger in the red giant phase of stellar evolution. Red supergiants are known as the biggest stars by radius. The biggest red supergiant is mentioned as VY Canis Majoris. This star is about 1800 times bigger than our sun. Although there are plenty of red giants in space, none of them are that close to us. The closest red giant is Gamma Crucis (88 light years away).3

the red supergiant Betelgeuse which lies on Orion's shoulder. The star Betelgeuse, is a red

Type I supernovaes lack a hydrogen signature in their light spectra. These type of supernovae are generally thought to originate from white dwarf stars in a close binary system. As the gas of the copanion star accumulates onto the white dwarf, the white dwarf is progressively compressed, and eventually sets off a runaway nuclear reaction inside that eventually leads to a cataclysmi supernova outburst.

As the star begins to run out of hydrogen fuel the core inside the star begins to collapse while rising in temperature, which causes the core to heat up rapidly pushing the outer layers of the star outward causing them to expand and cool the star is now a red giant. Average stars like our sun will have a relatively peaceful ending toward the end of their red giant phase. The star begins to pulsate releasing its outer layers resulting in solar winds, as these layers begin to drift away only the core remains, this is considered a white dwarf. Eventually the white dwarf will consume all its energy after this happens it will become a cold black dwarf. Massive stars come to an end much differently, after the high mass star runs out of fuel the outer layers of the star begin to collapse upon the core, and then are released in a massive explosion into the cosmos this is called a supernova. After, either a neutron star or a black hole remains these are vastly different a neutron star is an incredibly dense object made up of sub-atomic particles called

Supernovas are the explosion of a star when it reaches the end of its life. There are two ways a star can go supernova. The first way or a Type I supernova occurs in the Binary system which is when two stars orbit the same point. The two stars are a white dwarf and a red giant. A white dwarf is a small dense star that is around the size of a planet and a red giant is a star at its last stages of life. If these two stars are close enough, matter will be transferred to the white dwarf from the red giant. When the star’s core reaches its limit of matter, a thermonuclear detonation will occur leaving nothing behind unless there were leftover elements in the white dwarf or there were elements made in the supernova explosion. One of the elements made in the explosion is radioactive nickel.

While the vast majority are of similar class to our sun and bright yellow and white in colour there are also signs of red giants reaching the end of their lives, as well as many small white dwarfs. Perhaps the more puzzling stars are the bright ‘blue stragglers’ (as depicted in the famous Hertzsprung-Russell diagram), as these stars should have expired long ago in explosions called supernova. It has been suggested by astronomers that these stars may be the merging occurring in such a crowded neighbourhood between lower mass

Main sequence stars like our own sun enduring in a state of nuclear fusion during which they will produce energy for billions of years by replacing hydrogen to helium. Stars change over billions of years. When their main sequence phase ends they pass through other states of existence according to their size and other characteristics. The larger a star's mass, the shorter its lifespan is. As stars move toward the end of their lives, much of their hydrogen will be converted to helium. Helium sinks to the star's core and raises the star's temperature—causing its outer shell to expand. These large, puffy stars are known as Red Giants. The red giant phase is actually a prelude to a star shedding its outer layers and becoming a small, dense body called a White Dwarf. White dwarfs cool down for billions and billions of years, until they finally go dark and produce no energy at all. Once this happens, scientists have yet to observe, such stars become known as Black Dwarfs. A few stars avoid this evolutionary path and instead go out with a bang, exploding as Supernovae. These violent explosions leave behind a small core that will then turn into something called a Neutron Star or even, if the remainder is large enough, it is then turned into something called a Black Hole.