Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nannoparticles ( Fe3o4 Case Study

Using of spinel ferrites nanoparticles in electromagnetic devices such as memories, sensors and data storage in modern information technology applications [1-3] made many researchers all over the world do all efforts for synthesis and development of magnetic nano-particles. These nano-particles possess special magnetic and electrical properties with high

Hydroxyl radical, product of the Fenton reaction, the most destructive species among oxygen radicals, is highly toxic and capable of attacking DNA, and oxidizing guanine bases resulting in the formation of mutagenic 8-hydroxy-2 '-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-2dG) lesions. Among the purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA, guanine is the most sensitive base to oxidation. During an oxidative

In addition to a direct damage to DNA caused by BPDE, exposure to benzo[a]pyrene and its subsequent metabolism by the cytochrome P450 enzymes resulted results in the generation of reactive oxygen species and

Peroxynitrite is a powerful oxidant, formed from the reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide. It is known to interact with different biological molecules like DNA, lipids and proteins leading to their structural and functional alterations. These events elicit various cellular responses including cell signaling causing oxidative damage, committing cells to apoptosis or necrosis. The present paper delineates single strand breakage in DNA mediated by the formation of 8-nitroguanine and 8-oxoguanine. Different approaches of cell death such as necrosis and apoptosis are modulated by cellular energetics (ATP and NAD+). High concentrations of peroxynitrite are known to cause necrosis whereas low concentration leads to apoptosis. Peroxynitrite mediated

But the intracellular environment offers other dangers to DNA integrity. The largest of these is oxidation, which in the long run produces more damage than any of the above processes. The reactions that take place in the mitochondria generate, as oxygen is reduced to water, a series of highly reactive intermediates. These are reactive oxygen species (ROS): superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical (De Bont R, 2004). These species can leave the mitochondria and oxidize the DNA bases. As a consequence, single strand DNA (ssDNA) ruptures, double strand breaks (DSB) are generated, and loss of bases or covalent DNA-protein bonds can occur.

Here two assumptions may take birth from this study either zinc has genomic stability properties directly or it does so by reducing the absorption of lead in the body which in turn may prevent DNA damage. Several mechanisms involved in genotoxic response for example destabilization of chromatin may indirectly involve DNA damage (Johansson and Pellicciari, 1988) and impair repairing process (Hartwig et al. 1990). It is believed that not a single factor could be responsible for genotoxicity but many factors including dietary could markedly influence the hostility of genotoxic agents (Hayatsu et al. 1988; Fenech and Rinaldy, 1994). Diets rich in antioxidant can negatively reduce the risk of several type of human cancer (Byers and Perry 1992). In addition, workers exposed to chemicals show a significant decrease in chromosome aberration frequency when given multivitamin in dietary supplements (Lazutka 1996; Emerit et al. 1997). Earlier studies regarding clastogenic effects of lead are contradictory. Clastogenic effects of lead were shown in the form of chromosome gaps and breaks by 1% lead acetate in culture mouse leucocytes (Muro and Goyer 1969). Lead acetate was also shown to increase the frequency of chromosome aberration on human lymphocytes treated in vitro (Beek and Obe 1974; Obe et al. 1975). However other

In present times “green” method in the synthesis of nanoparticles has greatly become a topic of interest. This is because the conventional chemical methods are expensive and require the use of chemical compounds or organic solvents as reducing agents which are toxic as well [C.Manson, 2012].

Hexaferrite materials have attracted interest of both scientific and industrial community due to the wide range of applications. Permanent magnets [4], electrical and microwave devices [5],

To verify induction of apoptosis, we made use of DNA fragmentation assay. We demonstrated that N-TiO2 NPs were more successful in induction of DNA damage compared to TiO2 NPs. According to Fig. 9 DNA damage (ladder pattern) obviously was distinguishable with 10µg/ml of N-TiO2 NPs.

MMCs are complexes exhibiting enhanced magneto-caloric effect (MCE), which is based on the change of magnetic entropy upon application of a magnetic field and can be exploited for molecular refrigeration.6 Contrary to SMM behaviour, which is favoured by highly anisotropic Ln3+ ions, the MCE is improved in molecules containing isotropic metal ions and exhibiting weak magnetic coupling between them. This is because in these conditions multiple low-lying excited, field-accessible states are generated, which can contribute to the magnetic entropy of the system. In view of the above considerations, 3d-4f dinuclear complexes containing the isotropic Gd3+ ion, which has the maximum entropy value calculated as Rln(2SGd + 1)/MGd = 110 Jkg-1K-1 and the MnIII ion (despite being anisotropic has a maximum entropy value of 271 Jkg-1K-1) could be good candidates for constructing magnetic coolers.

With rising urbanization, the DNA in our cells is increasingly being exposed to DNA damaging agents such as UV light, mutagenic chemicals, reactive oxygen species generated by Ionizing Radiation (IR) or redox cycling by heavy metal ions and radio-mimetic drugs etc. DNA Double-strand breaks (DSBs) occur when reactive oxygen species react with DNA bases causing lesions in the chromosomes and the formation of foci known as Radiation-induced foci (RFI). RFI are marked by the

NPs produced by nanotechnology methods have been developed for application in different pesticides (Nel et al., 2006). Therefore, methods used to manufacture NPs are important criteria. Due to specific physiochemical properties, NPs may be used as fillers, semiconductors, opacifiers, catalysts, and microelectronics, and also as cosmetics and drug carriers in pharmacology and pharmaceutics (Nel et al., 2006). Thereafter, we need to consider risk assessment, establishment of safety manufacture, and the use of NPs in the marketplace and their potential toxicity (Nel et al., 2006; Medina et al., 2007). Next, we investigated the underlying mechanism of biogenic Te NRs-induced cytotoxicity in the PC-12 cell line. As shown in Figure 2, cell viability was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. By increasing the concentration of biogenic Te NRs, cytotoxicity can be enhanced in PC-12 cells. Significant reduction in rat hippocampal astrocytes viability was observed in exposure to 1.95–250 μM of diphenylditelluride (DPDT) and 0.97-250 μM of TeCl4through MTT assay; lethal concentration (LC50) for both compounds was estimated at 62.5 μM (Roy and Hardej, 2011). Studies have indicated that NPs may induce cytotoxicity by disrupting the cell structure and cause dysfunction in the cells by binding to survival macromolecules (Navarro et al., 2008). It has been reported that these toxicities depend on particle size, surface properties, and then, on cellular uptake of NPs

Nano structured magnetic materials have been the interest of the researchers in recent years due to their remarkable properties compared to their bulk counterpart. Among these, magnetic spinel nano Ferrites (MFe2O4) are of great importance as they exhibit novel properties that largely differ from the bulk counterparts due

Nano crystalline magnetic materials exhibit a variety of unusual and remarkable magnetic properties that are not observed in bulk system [1,2]. Magnetic spinel nano ferrites have attracted the interest of the researchers due to their importance in understanding the fundamentals of nano magnetism and their wide range of applications. They found potential applications in biomedicine such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, magnetic separation [3-6] and high density data storage [7]. Nowadays, almost every part of the electronic device manufactured contains some ferromagnetic spinel ferrite materials. Loud speakers, antenna rods, deflection yokes, radar absorbers, humidity sensors, memory devices, recording heads, inductors and so many are frequency based on ferrites. Properties of ferrites are dependent upon various factors such as composition, method of preparation, substitution and doping of different cations, sintering temperature and duration, grain size and their distribution [8, 9]. The most common method to acquire improved electrical, optical and magnetic properties is the substitution of suitable impurity at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites.

In recent years, inorganic and chemosynthesized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SIONPs) such as Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MgNPs) have attracted extensive interest for their biocompatible (Kunzmann et al., 2011) and low toxic properties mainly in the human body studied (Jeng and Swanson, 2006; Karlsson et al., 2009) which make them as promising remedial tools in related fields. Magnetite nanoparticles is the most-studied for many technological applications in biomedicine, such as high sensitivity biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Bulte et al., 2001), in vivo targeted drug delivery (Sunderland et al., 2006), hyperthermic agents and enhancer in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer (Gupta and Gupta, 2005;