Supreme Court of the United States and Reasonable Accommodation

In the case of Robert Tolan and Marian Tolan vs. Jeffrey Wayne Cotton, I will be discussing what interest me about this case. I will also deliberating on the liability and criminal liability of this case. The Tolan vs. Cotton case interests me because the United States have so many police that are brutalizing citizens. In some cases the police officers are getting away with it. After reading, reviewing, and studying this case I have learn a lot about the criminal system and laws that men and women should obey. I will explain how the nine judges on the Supreme courts all came to a verdict against the police officer Jeffrey Cotton after he shot an innocent suspect. This people

The Americans with Disabilities Act has come a long way with helping to protect and obtaining justice for the disable opening the door for jobs and creating more adequate access to public spaces to an estimated 43 million disabled people however, corrective disabilities are more of a challenge. People whose disabilities that can be remedied with eyeglasses, medications, etc. are not covered by the ADA (Post, 1999). Justice Sandra Day O’Conner supports this action and wrote three provisions that led to the conclusion that remediable conditions are not a disability (Post, 1999).

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 contained eleven titles, or parts, that made the act complete. The first title, “Voting Rights”, made sure that there was no discrimination in literacy tests when determining voting ability. The “Public Accommodations” title said there would be no discrimination or segregation in hotels, motels, restaurants, gas stations, places that served food,

The Supreme Court is the courtroom where all the legal cases dealing with congress or the constitution go to get a final decision. The Court is currently composed of a chief justice, eight associate justices, and nine officers. Their main goal as members of the Supreme Court is to make sure everything and anything abides by the constitution. It has many powers when it comes to law and especially the constitution, but it is not overly powerful due to the other two branches of the government. Checks and balances helps keep their powers level and just as important as the executive and legislative branch powers. The Court has the ability to remove a law or refute anything that violates the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court, on average, receives around 7,000-8,000 petitions for a writ of certiorari every term. The Court grants and hears oral arguments for eighty cases. One case specifically was Printz v. United States. This case focused on dealing with background checks when purchasing a firearm. Jay Printz deemed the provisions to the Brady Bill unconstitutional, decided to take it to the District Courts and eventually the case ended up in the Supreme Court, where Stephen P. Halbrook fought and won the case based on a five to four ruling in favor of Printz.

Civil Rights Act 1964. Title VII § 7, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq (1964).

The Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 can be found in the United States Code (Pub. L. 88-352) Volume 42.The basis of the act Title VII is to prevent employment discrimination against race, color, religion, sex and national origin. Title VII prohibits an employer from both (i) discriminating against an employee on the basis of sex, and (ii) retaliating against an employee for complaining about prior discrimination or retaliation. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the purpose of the act is to enforce the

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects classes from jobs discriminating against them based on their race, color, national origin, sex, and religion. It is unlawful for an employer to refuse to hire or to fire an individual because of their class. Title VII provided employment equality for minority people seeking jobs. The EEOC recognized certain classes that could not be discriminated against. The racial group includes, African American, Asian, Caucasian, Native American, and a Pacific Islander. Closely connected with racial discrimination is discrimination against someone’s color. “Color refers to the color or complexion of a person’s skin” (651, Cheeseman). Racial and color discrimination go against Title VII.

in the year 2021, the atmosphere surrounding gay and lesbian citizens in the United States had grown increasingly hostile. In response to this Congress passed a new law entitled the public accommodations equal access Act. this law which will be referred herein as PAEAA, Was created in order to forbid discrimination regarding sexual orientation in many economic zones including hotels motels restaurant in any sort of eating establishments that include bars barbershops gasoline stations in entertainment establishments. very few establishments are actually excluded from the laws covering those excluded include private membership clubs boarding houses that can only room for five or fewer tenants at a time and other facilities that are

There are three laws that are relevant to disability and sport. The first, The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, states that an individual with a disability cannot be excluded from participating in any program or activity that receives federal financial assistance, solely because of his or her disability. The second, Americans with Disabilities Act, is an extension of the Rehabilitation Act. This law expands the funding to state and local governments, as well as private organizations. The third, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, states that all children with disabilities are required a free, appropriate public education. A current case involving the Rehabilitation act is Whitaker v. Wisconsin Department of Health Services. In this case, Whitaker is suing, stating that the company did not accommodate her disability and fired her in violation of the Rehabilitation act. The court ruled that Whitaker failed to establish she was an “otherwise qualified” employee, which is required by the act. One case pertaining to the ADA is PGA Tour v. Casey Martin. In this case, Martin suffered from a circulatory disease that prevented him from walking on a golf course. After being denied the use of a golf cart for a PGA tournament, Martin filed suit, claiming that the ADA was violated. The court ruled in Martin’s favor, stating that his disability did not alter the nature of the game. The Rehabilitation act was the first civil rights law in the United States designed to protect

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act forbids intentional discrimination based on several factors: religion, race, color, and sex or national origin. There are times, however, where discrimination can play a part in the decision-making process within businesses, especially within the public school system. The three-step procedures for Title VII challenges are very precise regarding the determination of intentional discrimination and are universal for all cases of alleged discrimination.

Martin. This case has especially caught the eye of the media because it’s a high profile sport. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Casey Martin. The case was about Casey Martin who has a circulatory disease in his right leg, which makes it difficult to walk. Casey felt that his right have been violated. The ADA bans discrimination against the disabled in public accommodations .The law requires " Reasonable modifications" unless such changes would fundamentally alter the place or event. The PGA said that it would dramatically effect the foundations of the game seeing as you walk between holes instead of riding like all of us lazy southerners do. The Professional Golf Association also said that it would give Casey Martin an unfair advantage over the other players in the game. The justices disagreed and upheld the lower court

The US Supreme Court has a number of powers. These include the power to declare acts of Congress, the executive or state legislatures unconstitutional through the power of judicial review. The supreme court justices are also given the power to interpret the constitution when making decisions, again, through their power of judicial review. It is arguable that it is essential for the supreme court to have such powers in order to allow the American democracy to flourish. However, there is much evidence to suggest that the supreme court holds too much power for an unelected body, thus hindering democracy.

Aside from the obvious, unfair treatment does not always equal unlawful discrimination. Treating a person differently from others violates Equal

The Supreme Court has had many different places where it was located over the years. There has been a struggle to find a permanent home for the most powerful court of law. At first, the meetings were in the Merchant Exchange Building in New York City. The court then followed the nation's capitol to Philadelphia in 1790. In 1800 the court again relocated to Washington DC. At first they spent their time meeting in various places. The place to find the Supreme Court now is in Washington DC, on First Street located in Northeast.

Issue: Does party bringing suit (Plaintiff – Paul Cronan) qualify under the ADA for disability?