Surface Area To Volume Ratio

(Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, p 703) defined Blood Pressure (BP) as ‘the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood, and is expressed in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)’. BP is still one of the essential and widely used assessment tools in healthcare settings. Nurses generally record the arterial BP which is the forced exerted blood that flows through the arteries, to establish a baseline and to determine any risk factors. BP

1.  Blood pressure is the force of circulating blood against the walls of the arteries. The pressure of blood in the arteries correlates directly to the amount of blood pumped by the heart and the amount of resistance in the

Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy. In catabolism, large molecules such as lipids, nucleic acids and proteins are broken down into smaller units such as fatty acids and amino acids. When food is broken down energy is released as the foods molecules’ bonds are broken. Then this energy is used to reform the bonds that have been broken so that ATP can be recreated. More energy can be obtained when oxygen is present and the process proceeds on aerobically. The aerobic production of ATP occurs inside the mitochondria in cells. The broken down food molecules then enters the blood stream. Blood is a liquid connective tissue as it is made up of red and white living cells. Oxygen is transported in the red blood cells which are attached to a protein called haemoglobin. Nutrients including glucose are dissolved in the plasma. Plasma is a mixture of water, sugar, fat, proteins and salts. The main function of the plasma is to transport blood cells throughout your body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins and chemical messengers such as hormones that help maintain the body’s fluid balance. The red blood cells also carry iron which attracts oxygen. Our cells use oxygen to make energy. Iron is also needed to keep the immune system healthy and help brain cells. Without your heart, blood vessels and blood you wouldn’t be able to get the

a circulatory system which facilitates the exchange of materials for all but the simplest animals

Transportation of dissolved gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen), nutrients, enzymes, blood cells (white blood cells 'leucocytes' and red blood cells 'erythrocytes'), hormones and metabolic wastes.

The lymphatic system is very similar, and works with and directly at the side of the cardiovascular system. The lymphatic system has a network of vessels like the circulatory system which pump a plasma-like fluid called lymph around it’s own lymph vessels, and are found in most other tissues of the body, except the central nervous system.

Blood pressure (BP) as defined by Marieb and Hoehan (as cited in Peate & Wild, 2012) is the pressure that the blood puts on the blood vessel walls as the blood travels around the body controlled by the heart. The strength of the blood pushing on the blood vessel wall is the BP reading. According

Arteries: carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus

The heart pumps blood into the arteries and the force of the blood pushing against blood vessel walls is called blood pressure. Arteries carry the blood throughout the body. High blood pressure is also know as hypertension and is very dangerous in many different ways. One way is that it makes the heart have to work harder in order to pump the blood to the body. Secondly it contributes to hardening of the arteries and lastly, it also contributes to heart failure. A healthy heart is essential to life and having high blood pressure it not healthy for the heart. It has been proven that there are many different causes that have been linked to high blood pressure.

A dense network of capillaries lies below the skin, easing the process of gas exchange between the environment and the circulatory system. The Alveoli responsible for allowing gas exchange, is folded providing a greater surface area for exchange in gas to occur. The walls are also only one cell thick making the exchange surface thin, shortening diffusion distance.

It is the measurement of the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls. A blood pressure cuff and a stethoscope is what are used to measure this. While taking you blood pressure two numbers are recorded; Systolic pressure and Diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the higher number that refers to the pressure inside the artery when the heart contracts and pumps blood through the body. Diastolic pressure is the lower number and refers to the pressure inside the artery when the heart is at rest and is filling with blood. Having high blood pressure can increase the risk of coronary heart disease (i.e. heart attack, stroke).

Blood pressure is the produced by the blood flow on the vein walls and BP is one of the 4 major vital signs. Per pulse, blood pressure differs between the maximum ( called systolic ) and the minimum ( called diastolic ) pressures.Due to the pumping of the heart and the resistance of the veins, the blood pressure decreases while the circulating blood was moving away of the heart all the way thru the arteries. It decreases seriously with the smaller arteries and the arterioles, continuing to reduce while the blood was moving across the capillaries back to heart all the way thru the veins.

epithelium, which is a very thin tissue. This single layer of thin cells creates a short distance for gases to diffuse. The oxygen will then be able to move through the thin capillary walls and into the cells while the carbon dioxide passes through the thin capillary walls from the cells. The short diffusions distance allows for a rapid gas exchange. This rapid and efficient gas exchange is required so that the cells can get the energy that they need for survival.

Oxygen transfer in a vascular network that is essential for the tissue metabolism takes place at the level of microvasculature and capillaries through convection and diffusion. Oxygen delivery or convective flow of oxygen to the capillaries and oxygen extraction or diffusive transport of oxygen from hemoglobin (Hb) to tissue cells are the two limiting factors associated with oxygen transfer in a vascular network (Pittman, 2000).

With the information found with what a patient’s blood pressure is, it helps health care providers understand the state of the patient’s health. A patient’s blood pressure measures the amount of pressure exerted on arterial walls in the patient’s heart. Blood pressure is measured in two numbers: systolic and diastolic. Systolic, the number listed first in blood pressure readings, reports the amount of force exerted by the blood into the arteries during ventricular contraction.