Surface Muscle Case Study

In this phase the athlete is standing in a neutral position holding the ball. The metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) are held at slight flexion pressed against the ground by an isometric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum longus. The ankle is plantar flexed using an isometric contraction of the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The tibiofermoral (knee) joints are slightly flexed by a isomectric contraction of the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius). The acetabularfemoral (hip) joint is held at a postion of slight flexion through an isometric contraction of the biceps femoris, pectineus, iliacus, and the psoas. The intervertebral (lumbar) joint is extended by an isometric contraction using the erector spinae. The atlantooccipital (cervical spine) joint is flexed by an isometric contraction erector spinae. Both scapulothroracic (shoulder girdle) joint is protracted by an isometric contraction of the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor. The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is at internal rotation by an isometric contraction using the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and the subscapularius. The humeroulnar (elbow) joint is at 90 degrees of flexion by an isometric contraction using the biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis. The radiocarpal (wrist left and right)

Biceps Brachii - It's attachments are the coracoid process, supraglenoid tuberosity, and radial tuberosity. When it contracts it causes flexion and supination. It's located close to the endangerment site the antecubital. This area is known for housing chronic pain.

The biceps femoris is one of the three muscles including the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus, that make up the group of muscles called the hamstrings. The hamstrings are located on the posterior side of the leg. The biceps femoris originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the head of the fibula. The movement of the biceps femoris is responsible for the flexion of the knee and the external rotation of the lower leg. Flexion of the knee happens when the back of the foot is raised toward the back of the leg.

There are about 600 muscles in the body working together to create movement. Muscle contractions pull both ends of the muscle towards one another. One bone attached to each muscle is always more stabilized than the other. The less stabilized bone moves during muscle contraction due to the weaker stability. The points of attachment determine which bone will move. The least movable part is called the origin; it is the part that attaches closer to the midline of the body. This leaves the most movable part called the insertion. Each of these points can be identified in individual muscles to assist trainers in understanding how the muscles and joints work together to create motion.

The first motion is flexion of the thigh. This is important in order to throw the opponent forward. This brings their arm closer to your body for the later part of the move, as well as, distributing their weight in order to make the movement phase easier. The agonists of this motion are the iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor, rectus femoris, sartoris, pectineus, gluteus minimum, and the tensor fascia latae. Opposing this are the antagonist muscles, which extend the thigh. These are the biceps femoris, semitendinosis, semimembranosis, and the gluteus maximus.

Several muscles of the upper and lower arm attach at the elbow on the olecranon process. In the posterior compartment of the upper arm, the three heads of the triceps brachii converge into a single tendon that connects

In macroscopic detail, the shoulder looks like the scapula coming up and creating a good base for the tendons. Above, is

This diamond shape muscle is situated in the neck and upper part of the back and lies most superficially (Moore & Dalley, 2006). It was given its name because the muscles of the two sides form a trapezium. The main action of the trapezius is to aid in head, neck and the clavicle movement. The trapezius commonly contains trigger points, and referred pain from these trigger points bring patients to the office more often than for any other problem. Figure 2.1 shows the trapezius- a large kite-shaped muscle, covering much of the back and posterior neck. There are three main parts to the muscle: the Upper, middle, and lower part. Each part has its own actions and often different functions.

The injection sites were determined by muscle animation (smiling) and palpation on contraction to ensure precise muscle location before injection. Target injection points were as the following; the first point is the approximation of the muscle fibers of levator labii superioris alaeque nasi with the levator labii superioris, the second point located at the approximation of the levator labii superioris and the zygomaticus minor superioris. (Polo, 2008). In addition we used a guide from Sucupira and Abramovitz (2012); where surface landmarks can be used as a guide to injection points. An example is shown in Figure 3.2.

The biceps brachii and triceps brachii are located on both arms between the shoulder and the elbow. The biceps brachii has both a long and short head. The long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle above the socket, or shoulder joint, of the scapula.The short head originates at the top of the scapula at the coracoid process. The long and short head meet at the radial tuberosity and aponeurosis of biceps brachii. The triceps brachii consists of three heads called the long head, lateral head, and medial head. The long head originates at the infraglenoid tubercle on lateral border of scapula. The lateral originates at the lateral and posterior surface of the humerus. Lastly, the medial head originates at the posterior of the humerus. They

Anatomically, The muscle has a medial sternal head that originates from the upper part of the anterior surface of the manubriumsterni and a clavicular head that arises from the superior and anterior surface of the medial third of the clavicle. As the muscle ascends obliquely beyond the supraclavicular fossa, the two heads fuse together and insert into the lateral surface of the mastoid process and the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone. The sternocleidomastoid is innervated by the accessory nerve of the same side, and it supplies mainly by occipital artery.

Results: There was an increase in internal rotation of the scapula in all angles (p<0.05) as well as an increase of the anterior tilt, with 120° of elevation (p=0.04). The serratus anterior muscle showed a decrease in the intervals of 120-90° and 60-30° (p=0.04;

The rotatores are located on the spinous processes of the vertebrae superior to the one of the origin. Its purpose is to extend the vertebral column and to rotate the column from side to side by contracting the opposite muscle (Tortora & Derrickson, 377). The multifidus is on the laminae of the vertebrae and then connects to the spinous processes of two to three vertebrae above it’s origin ("Transversospinalis-Multifidus." ) This continues all of the way down the spinal column. Its main function is to extend the column and laterally flex the column while rotating the head to the side by contracting opposite muscles. The semispinalis thoracis is on the spinous process of the superior four vertebrae and the last two cervical vertebrae. The semispinalis cervicis, on the other hand, is on the spinous processes of the first and fifth cervical vertebrae. The purpose of these two muscles is similar to the others. They too extend the column in their respective regions along with rotating the head to the opposite side of the contracting

Olympic weightlifting consists of two ‘whole body movements (Storey and Smith, 2012, pp.771), the clean and jerk, C+J, and the snatch. Both theses lift involves the participate to generate a rapid maximal concentric contraction of the muscles (Storey and Smith, 2012, pp.771) in inferior hemisphere of the body, particularly the quadriceps, gastrocnemius and the abdominals as these muscles are heavily depended upon during the performance.

This region is important in allowing the range of motion. (14) Firstly the Multifidus, which travels almost the entire length of the back, aids with stabilization and rotation of the lumbar spine. Secondly the Longissimus, another long muscle, which originates in the middle of the lumbar spine, aids with neck and vertebral column extension. Thirdly, the Spinalis, is seen as a superficial muscle. It originates as a thick tendon from the sacrum and continues up into the neck. With contraction, this muscle extends the neck and vertebral column and assists in maintaining a good posture.