Sustainable Infrastructure Systems : Literature Review

Today’s Designers, Architects and Constructors have a duty of care to strive to produce energy efficient and energy saving buildings. Where possible the sustainability of resources / materials and techniques must be a primary concern in the decision making process.

The studies have shown that electric vehicles can reduce greenhouse gas emissions to “6.12 billion tons annually” (Westbrook, 2001). Even though they need mainly coal as a supply of electricity, they produce less harmful emissions than oil, which is the main source of energy for transport modes, driven by gasoline (Westbrook, 2001). With the development of renewable energy technologies that use the power of wind or solar energy, people can get a clean source of electricity, which will make the electric car more friendly to nature. In addition, the introduction of “regenerative braking system” will allow cars to convert the force of inertia into electricity, thus, adding, extra batteries, which, in return, increase its

Removal of soil vegetative cover should be kept at minimum and should only be carried out

The design is environmentally sustainable as none of the material required to build these systems are wood, eliminating the factor of deforestation. Also, the design eliminates the need for fossil fuel generators, mitigating the ongoing cost to the community to supply diesel to the generators. This is one of the reasons why the design is economically sustainable. Alternate reasoning is the design cost nothing to maintain

The use of vehicles has solved many of our problems and has facilitated the human kind in many aspects starting from transportation purposes to the time efficiency. If we just be looking at the positive side of the vehicles then the negative aspects of the use of vehicles will be hidden from us. (Hooftman, Oliveira, Messagie, Coosemans, & Mierlo, 2016)The two important aspects that bring negativity in the selection of the vehicles are its effects on environment and also its costs as compared to the benefits it is giving. The paper will select two types of vehicles and will analyze them on the basis of environment concerns and cost/benefit analysis to provide a better solution to select which product is the best. The basic problem which is arising is that which product is most effective to be used which will satisfy both the criteria selected for the analysis. The two criteria selected are actually the 2 most important aspects of selecting any vehicle.

With countries advancing their energy output the strain on natural resources is increasing, leading to finite resources which will no longer be a viable option in the near future. Research has been conducted and other options have been found some of which include Plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) and other electric or bio fuel alternatives. In the recent years energy consumption has been reduced in compression ignition engine cars which have put less of a strain on the finite fossil fuels. Development of software has commenced in vehicles to help reduce mileage and usage of fuels either fossil fuel or an electric

Use phase of building is the largest stage that impacts environment during the life cycle, so require more attention in the field of energy saving of building. In the initial design stage of buildings, through LCA can help design decisions, such as the appropriate use of zero energy building techniques. To quantitatively assess the energy consumption and environmental impact among all above stages, LCA is undoubtedly the best choice that can full evaluate the impacts during extraction of raw materials, material creation, sale, maintenance, disposal or recycling, also global warming, air pollution, water pollution and other index. Thereby more effectively improving environmental performance is to achieve green building. LCA will provide the support of data on saving water, energy, material and other indicators. Based on LCA gradually promote the use of the Environment Product Declaration (EPD), this declaration will serve as a business and marketing communication product sustainability information, greatly enhance the green building(products) influence in the consumers. In today with increasing serious energy and environmental issues, using green building instead of traditional high-energy building has become a trend. Life cycle thinking and ways can facilitate the development of the green building process, and help us to make more environmentally friendly choices for building design and material selection, especially as consumers we need to follow.

The urbanization which has been growing rapidly in the early twenty-first century is going along with the issues related to jobs, housing, transportation, and the polluted environment within urban areas. In order to deal with those issues, “green cities” has been given as a great solution. Green city is a program of building smart constructions and technologies that are friendly with the environment, and establishing the smart growth policies to resolve the economic, social, and as well as environmental issues in the city. There are some opinions claimed that green cities should not be developed due to the high cost and negative environmental effects. Despite those opposing opinions, green city would still be an effective program for the sustainability of the city by creating more jobs, reducing traffic congestion, and protecting the environment.

To attain maximum efficiency and sustainability in the city, measure will be taken to ensure a long life for the city. Implementing a high levy on all petrol and diesel vehicles and lower ones on hybrid vehicles will retain the clean air of the city. Purchasing a full electric vehicle will see a 50% incentive to the buyer. There will be more than enough infrastructure to house the electric vehicles booming industry, including Continental’s All-New inroad wireless EV charging for charging while parked and emergency chargers placed around rural roads in cases of empty batteries. Infrastructure to accommodate Tesla’s Supercharging Network for long-range travel will be placed to boost people taking the eco-friendly option. There will be a Hyperloop in the ground to transport people throughout the city and to and from other cities. Power will come from eco-friendly sources such as wind turbines upon a hill and solar energy plants upon the fields. There will also be a large dam that the houses

The link between sustainable construction and the construction industry itself is inextricable. The two elements of the concept are the cause and effect. Crudely put: sustainable construction is facilitated by the construction industry, and yet the construction industry has the greatest effect of the core factors of sustainable construction in terms of ecology, social and economic ways.

The TE didn’t give explicit rating for the project’s sustainability. Instead, it analyzed the potential for sustainability of project achievements by the project’s 5 technical focus areas. The PIR 2000-2006 constantly assessed the risks of the following six categories to the project: a. Pilot projects will not be able to proceed because external financing is no longer available; b. CREIA (The Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association) does not receive any direct subsidies from the UNDP/GEF Project and will not be economically sustainable after 5 years because of low income generating capacity; c. The implementing capacity of national organizations is weak and the responsibility for the implementation of multiple outputs

Lowering the energy and GHG effect in both the existing and the new buildings represents and therefore the main challenge and a chance to treat global warming. The companies of ICT has build and operate facilities which can be demand a big amounts of energy and material consumption in all stages of the life cycle. The increasing in the effective of the energy always main goal for the ICT companies and can start with facilities themselves. There are many plans that are adopted by worldwide which is can be lead to the more sustainable design, building and operation of buildings.

1989). Waste minimization in construction industry is significant not only from efficiency point of view, but also, nowadays, concern has been growing about the adverse effect of the waste of building materials on the environment. This kind of waste typically accounts for between 15 and 30% of urban waste, also it is difficult to recycle building materials due to high levels of contamination and a large degree of heterogeneity and often there is insufficient space for its disposal in large cities. (Brooks et al.1994; Bossink and Brouwers 1996; Forsythe and Marsden 1999) Moreover, reduction in availability of future materials energy as well as increasing demands on the transportation system can be the consequences of high levels of construction waste. Wyatt (1978) Considering some building materials and components which use large amounts of non renewable sources of energy, as well as resources that are in danger of depletion, such as timber, sand, and crushed stone (Bossink and Brouwers 1996).

Energy is the material basis for human survival. The issue of energy is a common concern to all countries in the world because energy is the driving force of economic development, and is also a key factor in determining the quality of life. At the same time, the ownership of energy not only affects the world 's political situation but also changes the world peace and tranquility. Energy is closely bound up with humans’ daily life. The presence of energy meets the demands of people basic necessities of life so that human beings cannot live without energy. The availability of fossil fuels enables people to get energy conveniently and cheaply. As a result, people have cars to drive, air conditioners to use, and lights to brighten rooms when the night falls. When the winter and summer coming, the energy to bring us warm or cool. Human need consumes a lot of energy to develop. At the beginning of 19th century, due to the extensive use of heat engine, human want to improve the heat engine efficiency; however, according to the first law of thermodynamics, it is impossible to manufacture the circulatory heat engine which has 100% efficiency. Thus, it is envisaged that the manufacture of the second type of perpetual motion machine, from a heat source heat and heat all into work. However, numerous attempts to prove that the second type of perpetual motion machine is not achieved. As a future engineer, we need to understand the order and disorder, the entropy and the thermodynamics.

In this project suggests several ways to make the system more sustainable. (Variable speed appliance for energy saving included curtain pullers, trains themselves, automatic screen door, moving walkway, lift and escalator, compressors and pumps, catapults and launchers.) There are many discussed with respect to their "Efficiency of use and Conservation". These are defined as follows: