Symbiotic Earth Summary

Commensalism is when one species can benefit from a relationship and not hurt the other. There are four different main types; chemical, inquilinism, metabiosis and phoresy. Chemical commensalism is most often observed between bacteria. It involves the species of one bacteria feeding on the chemicals produced or the waste products of the other bacteria. Inquilinism involves one species using the body of another organism as a platform or living space while the host does not benefit or is harmed. Metabiosis occurs when one species unintentionally creates a home for another species through one of its normal life activities. A phoresy takes place when one organism attaches to another organism specifically for the purpose of gaining transportation. An example of commensalism (inquilinism) is barnacles and whales. Barnacles are non-moving and they rely on currents to bring them food. Some barnacles attach themselves to whales in order to help them live. They can benefit as they are then transported over the ocean which exposes them to more feeding oppurtunities. The whale neither benefits or is harmed by the barnacles.

Endosymbiosis is the theory that eukaryotic cells were formed when a prokaryotic cell ingested some aerobic bacteria. The first step of the evolution of a eukaryotic cell is the infolding of the cellular membrane. This process takes place when the plasma membrane folds inwards and develops an envelope around a smaller prokaryotic cell. Once the smaller cell is engulfed, it becomes dependent upon its host cell. It relies on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic compounds. However, the host cell also benefits because it has an increased output of ATP for cellular activities and becomes more productive. This ATP comes from the mitochondrion (the aerobe) that is engulfed.

Cahill is a young boy that was diagnosed at a very early age with Asperger’s, a

The cells of a eukaryote are different from any other cells because they do not have cell walls, and have organelles. An example of an organelle is the nucleus. Mitochondria are the energy providers for cells. A symbiotic relationship is when to organisms benefit from living together. When one organism lives inside the other, it is known as endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts trap sunlight and make photosynthesis possible. Once two organisms live together for a while, they loose their ability to live

While there are many different hypotheses to the evolution of eukaryotic organisms, two in particular have very plausible yet different approaches to this complex question. The Margulis hypothesis of the evolution of eukaryotic organisms focuses on the idea of endosymbiosis, which is the close interaction or association between different species with one of those species being inhabited within the other. Margulis hypothesized that free-living bacteria that were capable of energy production and photosynthesis where engulfed by a free-living cell. The cell and the bacteria now inside of it formed a mutualistic and symbiotic relationship with the bacteria providing the cell with the energy and food it needs while remaining protected inside the cell. Through evolutionary time this symbiotic relationship would grow so strong that the two individuals would not be able to function alone and thus the eukaryote would arise. The idea was supported by the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts both have unique genomes that resemble the single circular chromosomes found within bacteria.

In the beginning, there were single cells (Unicellular organism). Presently, millions of years later, most plants, animals, fungi, and algae are composed of multiple cells that work collaboratively as a single being. Despite the various methods these organisms achieved multicellularity, their conglomeration of cells operate cooperatively to consume energy, survive, and reproduce. But how did multicellularity evolve? Once or multiple times? How did a solo cell transition to associating and cooperating with other cells? The origins of multicellularity are one of the most interesting topics and evolutionary innovations in biology. Currently, there are three main hypotheses for how multicellularity had arisen. First ‘’Symbiosis hypothesis,’’ this

With surely convincing evidence researchers have been able to compile in support of the endosymbiosis theory, it becomes hard for one to deny the possibility that cilia, mitochondria and chloroplasts once existed as bacterial organisms (later to be taken up by host cells by endosymbiosis).

Lynn Margulis was a botanist whose work significantly changed the study of evolution. She was also known as “a rebel within the realm of science”. (Washington Post, 2016) Margulis was born in Chicago, Illinois and was the oldest of all her sisters. Margulis went to high school at Hyde Park Academy High School in Chicago. After high school she earned her Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree at the University of Chicago. Later, she attended the University of Washington to study biology (Famous People, 2016). Margulis shunned the theory of current evolution production, so this led her to the belief of ‘Neo-Darwinism’, which is “any modern theory of evolution holding that species evolve by natural selection acting on genetic variation” (Dictionary, 2016). Lynn Margulis’ works include: a theoretical paper on cell mitosis, collaborations with scientist like James Lovelock, and a number of books interpreting scientific concepts for people in general (Famous People, 2016).

The mitochondria and chloroplasts display similar attributes with bacteria that ultimately led to the endosymbiotic theory. The theory began as an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryote, which became the mitochondria. The engulfed cell eventually began to form a “relationship” with the host cell, becoming an endosymbiont, meaning a cell living within another cell. As evolution took its course, they merged into a single organism. Along the way, at least one organism containing the

The endosymbiotic model suggests that eukaryotic cells came from mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship between different kinds of prokaryotic cells. That is, ancient bacterial cells enveloped smaller bacterial cells, and they functioned together as a unit. The model suggests that they evolved together, eventually becoming present-day eukaryotic cells. This model is supported by the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts contain enzymes, ribosomes, and membranes that are similar to those of existing prokaryotes.

As indicated by the theory of endosymbiosis, convincing confirmation recommends that chloroplasts were once primitive bacterial cells that shaped an endosymbiotic relationship with other prokaryotic cells. Over numerous years of development, they have turned into a perpetual piece of their host cell and could no longer exist

The first step is defining the process of symbiosis and what are the possible associations between living

Symbiosis refers to the close, mutually beneficial association between two or more different biological species, which enables these species to undergo organismal evolution and variation in an assortment of ways (Takahiro, Yoshiko, Naruo, Manabu, Nori, Takema 2016). Symbiosis comes in three main forms of interaction; mutualistic, communalistic and parasitic. (10). The endosymbiont theory refers to the collection of principles that models the origins of the mitochondrion, which commenced with the engulfing of a bacterium by an archaeon (2). Such an establishment at cellular and organism levels is of high importance for environmental, agricultural and human health (3). The origins of Eukaryotic cells and its evolution, as well as the novel capabilities of certain cells and organisms as a result of symbiosis is increasingly being recognised as an applied importance and hence will be the key focus of this essay.

This paragraph is about mutualism.What is mutualism? How many host does this relationship need? Do it do any good affection to either of the host? What are some examples?

Human observers of nature are familiar with the communication among animal species. For example, a bird’s call may alert others to a predator, or a wolf’s howl-bark may help coordinate a hunt (Wolf Talk, 2015). Less obvious, however, is the wondrous ways in which other creatures- fungi and plants- communicate and share resources. These interactions may be symbiotic and thus mutually beneficial.