Sympathetic Nervous System Research Paper

Your heart is one of the strongest, most controlling organ in your body. The reason I think your heart rate does this is because if you have ever felt a surge of energy when your favorite upbeat song comes on the radio, or if you listen to slow music to relax, the emotions you experience are directly linked to what music does to your heart rate. When you listen to fast paced music your heart rate isn't going to be slow, and same thing if you were to listen to slow, relaxing song your heart rate would be fast.

Porges theory recognises his important discoveries on the vagus nerve which changed previous understanding and functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Prior to this discovery, it was understood that the system operated in a balanced sympathetic/parasympathetic way. Porges research changed the outlook and understanding on the system, firstly with the vagus nerve in mammals having two branches, and secondly that the newest branch is able to prevent other nervous system activity.

Smooth muscle cells of the ileum spontaneously contract due to the presence of pacemaker cells, called Cajal cells (Widmaier et al., 2014d). However, these smooth muscle they are also innervated by autonomic nerves, which can be stimulated to change contraction rates by stimulating. Figure 1, shows the effect of nerve stimulation of 17volts on isolated ileum tissue. Stimulating sympathetic (sympathetic nerves was stimulated for this particular tissue), causes release of noradrenaline, which inhabits contraction of smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, according to table 1, there is a -58.83% change in contraction amplitude. It can be extrapolated that fewer smooth muscles are contracting. At lower voltages, a weaker response was observed, as voltage is increased a stronger response was observed. Increasing the voltage, means more neurons are being recruited (Widmaier et al., 2014b). In this particular experiment, stimulation of nerves around the mesenteric artery caused an inhibitory response, therefore at higher voltages, more smooth muscles are being inhibited.

Nervous System Test Class_____ Date______ 1.-2 What are the two parts of the central nervous system. 3. ____________ the basic cell of the nervous system? 4.-9.

Within the tubular gastrointestinal tract, the ENS is formed by various interconnected networks, called plexuses, of enteric neurons, glial cells, and axons (Widmaier et al. 2014). The majority of these nerve cells are found within two different arrangements of ganglia (Fig. 1): the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus and the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus (Furness 2006; Guyton and Hall 2006). The nerve cells’ axons either synapse with additional neurons in the plexus or innervate the smooth muscle of digestive organs (Furness 2006). Neural activity in one plexus can affect activity in the other since some axons in one plexus synapse with neurons in the other (Fig. 1) (Widmaier et al. 2014). Extrinsic nerve fibers from the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems can also synapse with neurons in each of the two plexuses (Fig. 1) (Guyton and Hall 2006). Though the ENS can function without these nerve pathways, the subsystems of the ANS can influence gastrointestinal activity (Guyton and Hall 2006; Widmaier et al. 2014). An example would include either inhibiting or enhancing the GI tract’s motility and secretory activity through the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers (Widmaier et al. 2014).

When you are scared your autonomic nervous system is activated. This part of the nervous system sends signals that keep our internal organs regulated such as cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary functions. When scared two different areas are activated the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

The nervous system is an especially complex and highly specialized network of cells that are responsible for controlling all voluntary and involuntary actions in the human body. It is also responsible for the communication between the many different parts of the body. The nervous system is divided into many subsystems, but structurally, it is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS), and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Other functional subsystems include the enteric nervous system (ENS), the somatic nervous system (SNS), and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which can be further divided into two components; the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A normal functioning circadian process is greatly influenced by light from the environment, since it’s detected by cells from the ganglion cell layer of the retina. A photopigment in these cells – melanopsin- depolarises when it’s exposed to light. Then, an action potential is generated and goes through the axons in the retinohypothalamic tract to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the anterior hypothalamus. As soon as the SCN is activated, action potentials are sent to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, where the synapsis takes place and from where preganglionic sympathetic neurons descend to the spinal cord. Later preganglionic sympathetic neurons interact with postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the superior cervical ganglia. Postganglionic sympathetic axons then project to the pineal gland, which is responsible for segregating melatonin, an hormone that induces sleep. Therefore, when the individual is exposed to little or no light, the pineal gland segregates more melatonin (maximum levels of melatonin are reached between 2 am. and 4 am.). On the other hand if the environment is still very bright, melatonin production will be repressed.

Both the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system help to maintain homeostasis within the body. They work together to affect multiple bodily functions, including reproduction, growth and metabolism (Patel, 2014).

There are many factors that can affect your heart rate. Some factors that can speed up or slow down the heart rate is stress, illness, sounds, medication, exercise, etc. For example, with

The Autonomic Nervous system (ANS) is what controls the digestive system. The ANS controls parts of the body that we do not have conscious control over. Basically, it’s things we don’t have to think about doing because the ANS automatically does it for us. The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) is known for stimulating digestion by increasing blood flow to the digestive tract. The PNS increases salivary gland secretion and increases peristalsis. This helps the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. Two types of nerves help control the digestive system. Extrinsic nerves controlled by the brain cause muscle contractions that push food along the digestive tract. Intrinsic nerves within the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine,

The first stage of shock the underlying disorder, such as a trauma, triggers a decrease in circulating blood volume resulting in hypotension (low blood pressure). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is quickly stimulated to try to compensate for the decrease in blood pressure. The signs caused by this stimulation include thirst, anxiety, restlessness, and tachycardia. There are also signs caused directly from the decrease in blood pressure and blood flow. These include dizziness, fainting, fatigue, and lack of

Both The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system innervate the blood vessel’s walls and regulate vascular smooth muscle contractility and hence tension. Endothelial Cells of large vessels are not innervated by ANS by direct means, whereas the endothelium of the the arterioles (microvasculature) receive direct contacts from ANS nerve endings(Burnstock, 1990). Nerve endings do not form synapses with vascular cells instead release neurotransmitters that can reach target cells (Hirst, Bramich, Edwards, & Klemm, 1992).

The autonomic nervous system is extremely vital for a human in order to even have a possibility in living. The autonomic nervous system is in charge of all the things that we do without actually realizing we are doing it, for example our heart, digestive, breathing, our pupils dilating etc. The autonomic nervous system has a parasympathetic and a sympathetic division, which play two completely different roles. The parasympathetic division brings the body to a calm state by lowering the heart rate, allowing the muscles to relax, etc. Although the body is in a “resting and digesting” state the autonomic nervous system is still working just as hard to continue to maintain our physiology. The sympathetic division is the complete opposite of the

There are billions of nerve cells, called neurons, located in the nervous system to assist the outer body in reacting. For example, if you are eating a sour lemon the neurons carry the bitter sensation to your brain and then to your taste buds in a matter of seconds to say “hey it’s sour”. The two main neurons that help these types of sensations are the Afferent and Efferent neurons. The afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the CNS. While the efferent neurons are motor neurons that carry impulses away from the central nervous system and towards muscles to cause movement. As a pharmacy technician understating how the Central Nervous System works is very important. Drugs are designed to work inside the body for a certain therapeutic effect; although the technician cannot counsel the patient knowing what a certain drug is for helps aide the technician significantly. The different drug reactions and how it effects the stomach area is a big part of the technician job and it is a part of the CNS. The Central Nervous System and the pharmacy technician are similar in one way; they both carry out the bulk of the work to help a bigger