Sympathetic Nervous System Research Paper

Psychotropic medications, also referred to as psychiatric or psychotherapeutic medications, are used to treat psychiatric disorders, such as: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They have been used for many years and oftentimes come with dangerous side effects. The side effects that often occur in children taking these medications can include: fainting, blurred vision, vomiting, extreme weight gain, and even death ("Seroquel information,” n.d.). The use of psychotropic medication to treat mental disorders in children and adolescents is highly controversial because of ethical viewpoints (i.e. parents “drugging” their children to calm them down) and potentially

Drugs have been used with some success to treat various disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. The medical model argues for direct manipulation of the physiological system within the body, and uses somatic therapy (a major part of which is drug therapy). Drug therapy has been used in the treatment of several disorders, and has been used in the treatment of patients suffering from major depression and schizophrenia. Neuroleptic drugs (drugs that reduce psychotic symptoms but can also produce some of the symptoms of neurological diseases) are often used in the treatment of schizophrenia. Common neuroleptic drugs include the phenothiazines, the butyrophenones and the thioxanthenes as they reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia for example delusions and hallucinations, but have little effect on the negative symptoms e.g. lack of motivation and emotion and social withdrawal.

However, with the use of the medication, there are potential and serious side effects; such as, loss of appetite, weight loss, trouble sleeping, anxiety and nervousness that may occur (WebMD, 2017). People often abuse Adderall to enhance alertness and productivity while speeding up and heightening certain bodily processes. With the use of Adderall, it causes physical changes in the brain neurocircuitry but can lead to altered behaviors and development of mental disorders, like depression (WebMD, 2017). Long term Adderall abuse can lead to signs of substance use disorder, which most likely occurs when the drug is taken above and beyond prescribed parameters (Patterson, 2017). According to SAMHSA’s National Survey on Drug Use and Health,

Ritalin, the common name of the drug methylphenidate, is a a medication used to treat ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and narcolepsy, a certain sleep disorder. It operates by changing the amounts of the natural substances in the brain stem arousal system and cortex and belongs to a class of drugs known as stimulants. Ritalin, classified by the Drug Enforcement Administration as a Schedule II narcotic, helps to increase the ability of a person to pay attention, to remain to focus on a specific activity, manage behavioral problems, organize task and improves listening skill (WebMD, 2015-2016). This drug has the same classification as morphine, cocaine, and amphetamines so it’s often abused by youngsters because of its powerful stimulant effects.

Prior to making a decision about whether or not to seek medications for help with behavioral issues, it is important to understand what these medications are. Prescriptions stimulants, such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) and dextroamphetamine (Adderall) are classified by the DEA as Schedule II medications, categorizing them in the same drug class as morphine, oxycontin, methadone, and codeine. There is a high potential for substance abuse which may lead to a psychological or physiological dependence. All FDA drugs must go through clinical trials to be approved for public use; a mere 32 clinical trials were completed for the approval of 20 different ADHD medications with a median of 75 participants per study and a median trial length prior to approval of only four weeks. (Bourgeois, Kim, Mandl. 2014) Antipsychotic drug effects may vary depending on the child or adolescent, proving to be effective or counter-effective.

With the production of new stimulants  every year there have also been worries about these drugs  being abused.There are studies that say in some areas in the united stated are being over medicated and in other areas are being undermedicated. 11 countries participated in the epidemiological study of mental health status of  children in western north carolina in this study they learned that 7.3% of the children were taking stimulants but only 3.4% of them had an unambiguous diagnosis  of ADHD; which show that overprescribing may exist.the prescription rates vary by gender and age. Of the children taking  medication for ADHD there are more boys than girls younger than 20 years old.  The highest  stimulant treatment among boys is age 12 and girls age 11the rates of stimulant treatment  decline with age. a rising number of students have used medication as a “study drug”  they would take the drug before taking a test and because of this more parents are asking for their child/children to be medicated even though the child does not meet the criteria for ADHD.doctors found that children were pressured from peers parents teachers to take the stimulant. Doctors rarely tell their patients how little evidence there is regarding how safe and effective the medication is. doctors often over medicate children sometimes

Central nervous system stimulants are typically used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD, and narcolepsy, and aid in weight loss. These types of drugs stimulate both the CNS and the respiratory system by increasing levels of neurotransmitters. CNS stimulants also increase motor activity and mental alertness, while dilating the pupils. “In children with ADHD, these agents decrease restlessness and increase attention span.” It is also highly important to note that these medications are highly addictive, therefore, use should be closely monitored. Examples of CNS stimulants include, Adderal (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine), Ritalin (methylphenidate), Focalin (dexmethylphenidate), Atti-Plex P or

When you are scared your autonomic nervous system is activated. This part of the nervous system sends signals that keep our internal organs regulated such as cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary functions. When scared two different areas are activated the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Sympathetic nervous system is the system that prepares the body for intense physical activity and is often referred to as the fight-or-flight response. (p.11) As stated in the book this nervous system is encharged of preparing your body for physical activity. The sympathetic systems as well has effects over several other organs. Affected human parts include the heart, liver, the digestive system and several more. Together the parts of the body involved in the process prepare the body for physical activity such as a emergency.

First we would have to assume that you want the response to if you were afraid of the dog. In that case your fight or flight response would be triggered which starts in your limbic system where it is than transmitted to your hypothalamus which activates that response. The sympathetic nervous system would respond by releasing epinephrine, dilate your pupils and respiratory passages, dilate your coronary arteries and speed up your heart, cause your hair to stand on end, cause a dry mouth, increase blood flow to your skeletal muscles, promote glycogen breakdown and glucose mobilization, and inhibit digestive and urinary function. This allows our bodies to act quickly and to the most efficient degree with the energy that is produced in this response.

The sympathetic noradrenergic system plays major roles in tonic and reflexive changes in cardiovascular tone. Adrenaline is a major determinant of responses to metabolic or global challenges to homeostasis. Adrenaline responses to stressors are more closely linked to responses of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical system than of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic noradrenergic system is active even when the individual is at rest and maintains tonic levels of cardiovascular performance. Adreno receptors in the membranes of effector cells determine the physiological and metabolic effects of catecholamine. Beta‐adrenoceptors mediate stimulatory effects of catecholamine on the rate and force of the heartbeat; stimulation of

This paper will be exploring two main topics with the first being “sympathomimetics” which are drugs that produce physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system by promoting the stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. We will be considering how the process of stimulation from sympathomimetic drugs occur and how they affect the sympathetic nervous system and what medications that can promote or inhibit a sympathomimetic response. The second topic being “anticholinergics” which are a type of drugs that block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. This paper will explain and show what effects anticholinergic medications have on the body in terms as to what receptors are being used and how they are defined and what effects and side effects can occur from anticholinergic medications. Along with these topics we will take an in depth look at how sympathomimetics medication has potential side effect with children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and how children with known sever cardiac problems like arrhythmias should not receive stimulants due to their sympathomimetic effects.

In the body's systems, the nervous system plays a key role. It has two main functions such as regulates the functioning of organs and makes the functioning of organs in the body become a unified body and ensure consistency between body and surroundings. The central nervous system includes brain and spinal cord. (central organs), nerves and lymph nodes (peripheral organs). Based on the function, the nervous system has the motor and nervous system. Central organs, including the brain and spinal cord, are protected in the bone cavity and cerebrospinal fluid. Peripheral neuropathy includes a Sensory somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system have no sense of control. The neurons are different in the nervous system, the nucleus of the brain

The Central Nervous System, or CNS, is a beautifully complex system that controls the functions of our brain and body. Billions of neurons form networks within the brain and spinal cord that transport signals throughout the body and the mind. Neurons are composed of cell bodies that extend into structures called dendrites and axons. Dendrites receive signals that are then transmitted into the cell body as an impulse, and that impulse is sent outward to the axon. These neuron networks can react and restructure to accommodate new learning that the brain experiences— this is called plasticity, and it’s how our body is able to adapt and grow.

The autonomic nervous system is extremely vital for a human in order to even have a possibility in living. The autonomic nervous system is in charge of all the things that we do without actually realizing we are doing it, for example our heart, digestive, breathing, our pupils dilating etc. The autonomic nervous system has a parasympathetic and a sympathetic division, which play two completely different roles. The parasympathetic division brings the body to a calm state by lowering the heart rate, allowing the muscles to relax, etc. Although the body is in a “resting and digesting” state the autonomic nervous system is still working just as hard to continue to maintain our physiology. The sympathetic division is the complete opposite of the