Symptoms And Symptoms Of Diabetes Mellitus Type II

A problematic health risk of obesity is type II diabetes. Type II diabetes is quite common among obese people. Type II diabetes is caused by the body being unable to produce insulin. This can result in high blood sugar levels, which can be harmful to the body. Obesity is also intimately intertwined with multiple health conditions that underlie cardiovascular disease. When someone becomes more obese their heart becomes at risk of disease that could cause multiple medical difficulties and is linked closely with increasing obesity-related deaths, particularly coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease is when plaque gathers in arteries that are used for pumping oxygenated blood to the heart. The plaque can block the flow of blood to the heart causing heart failure. Another issue with obesity is high blood pressure. According to the national heart, lung, and blood institute, “Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.” This means that when one gains weight, thus becoming more obese, one’s blood pressure levels increase and can become dangerously high, which can be harmful to the body. Another health risk of obesity in the body is increased chances of strokes. A stroke is caused when plaque builds up in the arteries then ruptures forming a blood clot, if the

Obesity is linked to a wide range of diseases, most notably diabetes (type two), heart disease and stroke. Diabetes is a disease in which the body’s sugar level is too high. As researched stated “overtime, high blood sugar levels damage nerves and blood vessels leading to complications such as heart disease and stroke, the leading causes of death among people with disease”. Stunkard, A. J (1980), p. 46.

“ 1. Adipokines are hormones produced by adipose tissue. /…/ Adipokines have effects not only on tissues but [also] on the hypothalamic and pancreatic function. /…/ 2. Elevated serum free fatty acids and high intracellular deposits of triglycerides and cholesterol. These lead to metabolic overload with interfere of insulin signaling and a decrease in tissue response to insulin. 3. Obesity causes release of inflammatory cytokines. /…/ These play an important role in the genesis of a fatty liver [which impairs the function]. 4.

The authors thoroughly discussion the reason for each laboratory test. In additional to the threaded discussion there are many signs and symptoms, many of which go unnoticed until the disease is in the late stages. Mr. Bobo is a diabetic which seems uncontrolled so focusing on education is of importance. Education has been identified as a significant factor in the effective control of blood glucose levels. Education is import to emphasize to the patient the importance of close monitoring and management as diabetes can become a chronic disease with multiple health issues and a poor quality of life. Mr. Bobo will need to know the importance of making changes to their lifestyle in regards to nutrition, diet, and weight control. Casto, Cherry, Ellerbee, Gatlin, and Young thoroughly discussion long term complications such as eye complications, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Complications from diabetes can be quite serious to life threatening, including kidney damage, nerve damage, which cause numbness, pain or tingling sensations, amputation due to lack of circulation or secondary infection, and retina damage, an incurable condition that can lead to a total loss of

Obesity causes Type 2 Diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes is a main health risk caused by obesity. It’s caused by changes in multiple organs and hormones in the body. Over time, these changes lead to high sugar levels. These higher sugar levels, in turn, produce Type 2 Diabetes (what np). Heart disease is another root of obesity. As your body mass increases, so does your risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply blood to your heart. Plaque can narrow or block the coronary arteries and slow down blood flow to the heart muscle. This can cause a heart attack. This can also lead to heart failure (Gibbons np). High blood pressure is another problem of obesity. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high it can damage the body in numerous ways. Your chances of having high blood pressure are greater if you're overweight or obese (Gibbons np). In closing, being overweight can cause tons of different diseases. The government should help us control ourselves so we can be a healthier society and so we don’t have to keep dying considering we're too overweight and

Type 2 diabetes results from a multitude of defects: impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and defects in GLP-1 secretion and action. Prior to the onset and throughout the course of the disease, beta cell function and pancreatic mass deteriorate; causes may be lipotoxicity, glucose toxicity, increased age, genetics, insulin resistance, and incretin deficiency. Insulin resistance takes place in the liver, adipose, and skeletal tissues (1), ultimately leading to decreased peripheral uptake and hyperglycemia. In the liver, lack of insulin action results in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, further potentiating the hyperglycemia. In fat cells, decreased GLUT4 leads to excessive release of free fatty acids and adipocytokines (2). Because

In a person with Type 2 Diabetes the body may not produce enough insulin or the insulin produced may not work as effectively as it should. This is referred to as insulin resistance. Being overweight increases insulin resistance.

The cardinal sign and symptoms of diabetes are increase thirst, hunger, fatigue, increase urination, and blurred vision. However, the symptoms unique to women are: vaginal and oral yeast infections and vaginal thrush, urinary infections, female sexual dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) (ADA, 20169. The criteria for diagnosis of diabetes are: Hemoglobin A1C is greater than 6.5%, fasting plasma glucose greater than 126 mg/dl, 2-hr plasma glucose greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl or a random plasma glucose greater or equal to 200 mg/dl with symptoms polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and unexplained weight loss. Many patients can manage their diabetes by exercising, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding smoking cigarettes, and a healthy diet (ADA, 2016). As a NP student, it is important to know the most current information on diabetes and the appropriate websites to obtain the information from like Up-To-Date, American Diabetes Association, and mobile APPs that make visits more effective is point-of-care education such as: iMedicalApps (http://www.imedicalapps.com/), Epocrates (http://www.epocrates.com, and MedscapeMobile (http://www.medscape.com/public/iphone). These websites and mobile apps makes it easier to review potential diagnosis, give pointers on appropriate education, and management of the disease. The NP student may also find these websites beneficial to use or have

Diabetes mellitus is due to a lack of insulin production from beta cells in the pancreas resulting in an insufficient amount of insulin to be able to regulate the bodies blood sugar levels. This causes insulin resistance which is the inability of cells to respond properly to insulin in the fat tissues, muscles and liver. What normally happens in the liver is insulin suppresses glucose synthesis if the levels in the blood are to high and causes the cells especially in the liver to take in glucose and store it as glycogen. However during insulin resistance the liver continuously breaks down glycogen in glycogenolysis to release glucose into the blood. Once liver is saturated with

Insulin resistance is a condition where insulin is produced by the body (Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes), but the body’s cells become resistant to insulin (Stoppler, 2014). In insulin resistance, glucose builds up in the blood, when normally it is absorbed by the body’s cells, where it is converted to energy, which then causes a lack of energy (Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes), because glucose is used by the cells in the body to produce enough energy for normal function (Ogbru, 2014). The response to insulin is reduced; therefore more is needed to correctly function (Stoppler, 2014). This stimulates the pancreas to produce larger amounts of insulin until it can no longer meet the body’s demands for insulin, and then causes a rise in the body’s blood glucose levels (Stoppler, 2014). This is what caused type 2 diabetes (Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes). Most people aren’t aware that they have insulin resistance until it develops into type 2 diabetes (Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes).

There are two types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Insulin management is needed for type 1 diabetes, because it is an autoimmune disease. Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is controlled by a strict diet. If the diet is not followed, then hypoglycemic proxies and insulin may be necessary to control a steady blood sugar level (Burden M, 2003). The main symptoms of diabetes common in type 1 are, lethargy, stupor, weight loss, breath which smells like acetone, kussmaul breathing (hyperventilation), nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Signs and symptoms that associate with both diabetes type 1 and 2 are, polydipsia, polyphagia, blurred vision, polyuria, and glycosuria. A diagnostic test which supports the signs and symptoms of diabetes is the fasting plasma glucose. This test diagnoses diabetes primarily during pregnancy. Diabetes is confirmed with a level of greater than 126 mg/dl. The patient must remain NPO for at least 8 hours with the exception of water. An oral glucose tolerance test or glucose challenge test is when a patient drinks a beverage containing glucose. The levels being greater

Choice A is correct because the stress of too much conversion of glucose into triglycerides can cause insulin resistance. If there are more triglycerides, there is more fat storage within an adipocyte, causing the animal to gain weight. With more weight, there is more pressure on the structure of the

The primary reason for insulin in the human body is to supply sugar cells to all elements of the body, thus helping to reduce the sugar from the system. Insulin syndrome is a disorder where it does not do the function effectively. This contributes to increased blood sugar levels and may cause fatal consequences if not worked right. Ergo the insulin resistance diet plays an important role in regulating the glucose levels and a sudden increase is avoided.

2005). A long-term study investigating the anti- TNF- α inhibitor treatment to subjects with metabolic syndrome, showed an ability to improve the fasting blood glucose level and increase the adiponectin levels, confirming that TNF- α plays a role in obesity-related insulin resistance in humans (Stanley, Zanni et al. 2011). Phosphorylation of IRS-1 is a key mechanism in how TNF- α induces insulin resistance in humans. TNF- α indirectly induces insulin resistance in humans by altering their adipocyte differentiation and adipocyte metabolism in addition to its direct, negative interference with insulin signaling pathways (Kanety, Feinstein et al. 1995). TNF- α promotes lipolysis and the secretion of free fatty acids, which will contribute to an increase in hepatic glucose production (Feve and Bastard 2009). In addition, TNF-α is also an inhibitor of the transition of preadipocytes to adipocytes via downregulation of adipogenic genes such as, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), which allows further recruitment of uncommitted cells and the possible expansion of the adipose tissue mass (Xu, Lambert et

Leptin is a hormone involved in satiety. Obesity is linked to leptin resistance or dysfunction of leptin receptors. Therefore in obese individuals, as adipose tissue increases, leptin levels increase, but the body continues to crave energy intake in the form of food. (28) Leptin is also involved in lipid metabolism and decreased sensitivity of leptin has been shown to lead to increased levels of triglycerides in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, the liver and pancreas, which attributes to insulin resistance. (35) Lastly, leptin has pro-inflammatory actions, the effects of which will be discussed