Symptoms And Treatment Of Anemia

As a provider, one will care for many patients that have different types of anemia. Anemia is not so much as a disease as a symptom of an underlying issue. Although there can be particular signs and symptoms associated with anemia, the basis of a diagnosis is from laboratory data. For the purpose of this discussion, I will evaluate a case study and give a differential diagnosis. I will also assess how patient history, physical exam, and lab reports support my diagnosis. I will explain the pathophysiology of the type of anemia and give causes and treatment options available.

Hemochromatosis, also called iron overload, is a disease when the body absorbs too much iron from the food we eat and most often affects the liver, heart, pancreas, and skin. It is usually caused by genes in the body that mutate keeping them from working. Some signs and symptoms of this disease are weakness, joint pain, low libido, and/or if the disease has progressed to far diabetes or heart failure. Hemochromatosis is one of the more difficult diseases to diagnose because many symptoms are nonspecific and usually many people don’t show as many symptoms except elevated iron levels in their blood. Most will be treated with blood transfusions until the normal level of iron is reached. If diagnosed early the prognosis is excellent with possible checkups or phlebotomies.

Sickle cell anemia can cause numerous symptoms, which the severity of this can vary between individuals. Symptoms that might vary from person to person that change over time, include anemia, episodes of pain, frequent infections, delayed growth, vision disorder, acute chest syndrome, and more. Indeed, of each symptom; anemia, sickle cell breaks red blood cell faster and die living people without enough red blood cells. Sickle cell anemia usually dies in 10 to 20 days while normal live for about 120 days before it replaced. Episodes of pain is a major symptom of this disease and the most common reason for people to get hospitalization; Pain develops when sickle-shaped red blood cells block blood flow through tiny blood vessels to the chest,

Today it is now wide spread to about 400 million people, about 4% of the world population. It is mainly found in Africa, Asia, and the Mediterranean. It is affecting 1 in 10 African Americans in the United States. It is diagnosed through mainly drugs, such as Aspirin. It is treated through terminated drug use, transfusion, and medicine if infection follows. The disease had helped understand the cause of hemolytic anemia in people, and the cause of anemia in the first place. If the gene were suppressed, it can stop one from getting

This is the term that describes a red blood cell that is of normal size. They usually also have hemoglobin content (medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Normocytic)

How are you? You gave a good response to this week's discussion question. In which you state, "There are four different types of anemia". I agree that there are four anemias that are commonly known. However, there are more than four hundred kinds of anemia (1). It is amazing how one illness can have so many manifestations. I hope this helped.

The 1760T and 752T alleles were in complete linkage disequilibrium, in cis position, in previous reports [4,5]. The genomic position of the third mutation, c.156_158dup (p.Gln55dup, n.-1184_-1183insTGC in HGVS nomenclature) encompasses several deletion/insertion variations (-/TGC/TGCTGC/TGCTGCTGC). The digenic mutations in MTHFR and POLG1 were consistent with the biochemical and metabolic abnormalities. Fasting serum homocysteine was >150 µmol/l before treatment and decreased below 70 µmol/L after treatment, in both cases. Analyses on skin fibroblasts from one of the patients showed decrease of MTHFR activity (1.9 nmol/mg/h vs 6.1 nmol/mg/h in control fibroblasts). The MTHFR p.Arg157Gln mutation is located near the binding site of riboflavin. Consistently, adding riboflavin in culture medium produced a 3-fold increase of MTHFR activity in the patient’s fibroblasts. The normal cellular uptake of labelled cobalamin ([57Co]CNCbl) and

To start off this topic I feel like it is necessary to describe what intrinsic factor is. Intrinsic factor is a protein that is made in the stomach. Intrinsic factor is very important because it helps our bodies absorb vitamin B12 from food. In the body vitamin B12 combines with intrinsic factor and this allows the B12 to be absorbed into the intestine into the body. There are several different causes of lack of intrinsic factor in the body. One is an autoimmune disorder that destroys intrinsic factor. A second cause is a person who has had part of their stomach removed due to surgery. This causes a decrease in the number of parietal cells of the stomach which make the intrinsic factor. Thirdly, children can inherit a disorder (congenital) where their bodies do not make the intrinsic factor. Without the intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 cannot absorb in the body and that leaves us with a deficit. Why that is important is because vitamin B12 helps keep the body’s nerve and blood cells healthy, but one of the main reasons B12 is important is because it helps prevent pernicious anemia.

Symptoms usually do not occur until the age of four months (Yi-Bin Chen). When sickle cell anemia blocks the blood flow in the blood vessels, pain and other symptoms develop that can affects the whole body (Babcock Jillian). Over time, it can contribute to complications with the kidneys, spleen, brain, bones, and other organs. Most people with sickle cell anemia have painful episodes called crises (Yi-Bin Chen). Some symptoms of anemia include fatigue and weakness, shortness of breath and chest pains, nausea, vomiting and digestive upset (Babcock Jillian). In infants, symptoms do not usually appear until the late first year. Symptoms usually include fever, swelling of the hands and feet, pain in the chest, abdomen, limbs, and joints, as well

Rates are also higher among mothers with certain health problems, such as diabetes or seizure disorders (taking certain anticonvulsants), and significantly higher among couples in which at least one has SB, and couples who have already had a child with SB.” But, as “The HealthDay News” reporter Robert Preidt noticed: “Serious birth defects of the brain and spine called neural tube defects have fallen 35 percent in the United States since mandatory folic acid fortification of enriched grain products.” Since that moment, 1,300 fewer babies are born annually with neural tube defects. However, the Mayo Clinic Staff point out that doctors and researchers do not know for why SB occurs, they have identified few risk factors: race, some medications, and family history of neural tube defects which are defined early in the paragraph. Also, sex, folate deficiency, diabetes, obesity, and increased body temperature can be considered as risk factors of developing SB. First is sex, girls are effected more often. Second, folate (vitamin B-9) is important to the health development of a baby. The systemic form, found in supplements and fortified foods, is called folic acid. “The Genetics Home Reference” noticed that the gene called MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in processing the folate, and shortage (deficiency) of this vitamin

You might wonder what would happen if you stopped consuming folic acid in the form of supplements or foods. One consequence that is quite likely under these conditions is folate-deficiency anemia. This type of anemia occurs when red cell production slows and the body no longer has a sufficient amount. Without enough red blood cells, oxygen cannot travel around the body quick enough. In a severe form, where the body is not making

The body adjusts to an extreme blood loss by allowing the circulating volume of blood to expand at the expense of the extravascular fluid. In this case, the adjustment of the circulating volume produces a delayed anemia. We also need to consider that the loss of the blood causes an opening, allowing the extravascular fluid to enter the stream, diluting the

Anemia is when you have lower number of red blood cells. Anemia of Chronic Disease is a common cause of anemia of an underlying condition that is associated with different disorders or diseases. Anemia of chronic disease is mostly mild or moderate, but in some cases it can be severe in which causes serious complications. The underlying condition or illness can be like lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease cancer like lymphoma and Hodgkin disease. Also chronic infections like endocarditis, osteomyelitis, HIV/ADS, hepatitis B can cause Anemia of chronic disease. Anemia of chronic disease symptoms include like fatigue, feeling weak or tired, headache, paleness, shortness of breath…etc. Red blood cells count,

The primary concern associated with high folic acid intake is that whilst it will improve megaloblastic anaemia, it may obscure an underlying B12 deficiency. The concern stems from the fact that the megaloblastic anaemia that results from folate deficiency cannot be distinguished from that caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, due to the final common pathway of the major intracellular metabolic roles of the two vitamins (Brunton, 2011). Vitamin B12 deficiency gives rise to a specific type of megaloblastic anaemia termed pernicious anaemia, which is caused by impaired uptake of B12 in the body due to a lack of intrinsic factor secreted by gastric parietal cells. Whilst folate deficiency is not generally associated with neurological abnormalities, undiagnosed B12 deficiency can cause significant, permanent neurological damage such as dementia and psychosis. The tolerable upper intake of 1.0 mg of folic acid per day as estimated by the FDA is thus based on the ability of folate to obscure the neurological manifestations of vitamin B12

In pregnancy the body needs to produce cells to help with the development and nourishment of the growing fetus; it also helps to make red blood cells . During pregnancy, risks can be associated with toxaemia, premature birth and haemorrhaging if there is no folic acid in the diet (Youngson, 2005). Folic acid contributes to several major biological processes and these include the combination of RNA, DNA and proteins. It is needed to help with the repair and replication of DNA and the maintenance of the genome and it is also involved in the regulation of gene expression (Hendler & Rorvik, 2008).