Symptoms And Treatment Of Antidepressants

Treatment for epilepsy is often focused on controlling the seizures with the least amount of medication as possible. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the class used to accomplish this. Some of the AEDs that are used most often are Clonazepam, Diazepam, Divalproex, Gabapentin, and Phenytoin. The most common side effects of these medications include nausea, vomiting, sedation, fatigue, and lethargy. (Kwan,1; Benbadis, 3-5; Huethers,637)

Epilepsy is a disorder that anyone can get. Epilepsy happens in the AREGEF2 Gene, this can lead to a condition called Periventricular Heterotopia, in which brain cells, belong in the cortex are along the ventricles. Major causes that can lead to Epilepsy are head injuries or the disorder can get passed down through genetics. The symptoms of Epilepsy are: Whole body: Fainting or Fatigue, Muscular: Rhythmic muscle contractions, or muscle spasms, Sensory: Aura, or pins, and needles, Also common symptoms: Seizures, amnesia, anxiety, depression, headaches, sleepiness, staring spells, or temporary paralysis after a seizure.

The study by Amato, Minozzi and Davoli (2011) examined five randomized controlled trials to find an efficient and safe medication to treat AWS. The study which had a total of 7333 patients concluded that benzodiazepines were better for controlling seizures when compared to a placebo and antipsychotics (Amato et al., 2011). When comparing benzodiazepines versus anticonvulsants, researchers concluded that the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide had better outcomes. No other studies were found which would compare the effectiveness among benzodiazepines for the treatment of AWS.

He reports he still has seizures "mostly brought on by stress" (Baker, Personal Communication, 2015). He currently takes the following prescriptions/supplements: Keppra, Lamictal XR, Carbidopa, Crestor, Hydroxyzine HCL, Melatonin, Omeprazole, Simvastatin, Hydrocodone/acetaminophen, omeprazole. He reports no alcohol or drug use outside of those prescribed, as well as no history of drug or alcohol abuse in his past.

The purpose of this study was to find another alternative medication to be used in managing status epilepticus in a hospital setting. This study compared intravenous (IV) valproate and diazepam infusion in patients with status epilepticus (SE). The main goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of IV valproate and continuous diazepam infusion as second-line anticonvulsants. Side effects were also evaluated in this study. The major goal from this study was to maintain and terminate the status epilepticus

Seizure outcomes following the use of generic versus brand-name antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Retrieved from

Choosing an appropriate antiepileptic drug is the key to successful medical management of epilepsy in children. The choice of antiepileptic drug depends on several factors, of which the most important is accurate seizure classification. The other factors used to choose an appropriate antiepileptic drug include the side effect profile of the drug, The available age- and patient-appropriate preparations of the drug, Whether therapeutic levels are needed quickly or not (depending on the frequency and severity of the patient’s seizures), and the patient’s comorbidities.

Does cognitive-behavioral therapy work just as well as antidepressants when treating depression? How we perceive our depression is what helps to determine the type of treatment necessary. Antidepressants treat the common symptoms of depression rather than the condition while therapy helps change the thought process so the disease is cured in the end. Many studies are done to provide necessary information to what the answer to this question should be. The following articles provided studies that explained the effects of treatment with medication, with therapy, or a combination of both.

Status epilepticus are seizures lasting >20 minutes, or repeated seizures without regaining consciousness [71]. Physicians should be particularly careful with it, since the background may be other than epilepsy. Infection, haemorrhage, trauma, hypoxia, ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke, hypoglycaemia, hyponatremia, drug toxicity and alcohol withdraw should be ruled out. In any of the above, the provoking cause should be treated. If the cause is epilepsy, the treatment of choice is benzodiazepines and the second choice is phenytoin/ fosphenytoin, but with caution as rapid infusion may induce cardiovascular problems. For resistance in those two drugs, the Neurocritical Care Society’s Status Epilepticus Guideline

In this study we found that the majority of epileptic children either using valporate mono therapy (57.7%) or valporate with other drug (7%). while carbamazepine was used in (25.4%) as monotherapy or with other drug in (2.8%). More than 50% of the doses were ranged between 10 to 28 mg/kg which is a moderate dose with (60.6%) of the patient's duration ranged between 1 year and 5 year.

Carbamazepine is one of the well-known drugs to treat first and secondary epilepsy. It has been used in clinical practice since mid-1960. Carbamazepine is very effective and according to a research, no current drug in trials that have efficacy in curing the seizures as the carbamazepine does. The drug is well indulged with the patient body although some patient might have some rashes when first treatment using carbamazepine is used. If the rash was developed, the treatment should be stopped immediately as there is a risk to develop Steven-Johnson syndrome. Steven-Johnson syndrome is a rare condition that cause by reaction of the body with certain kind of medicine. There were several drugs that can induce this condition and carbamazepine is

The approved FDA indications for Levetiracetam are adjunctive therapy for adults and children four years of age or older with partial onset seizures, adjunctive therapy for myoclonic seizures in patients twelve years of age or older with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and adjunctive therapy for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults and children six year of age and older with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. In a clinical trial of levetiracetam for treatment of partial onset seizures, there was a median reduction in weekly partial seizures of 43.4% compared with 16.3% for the placebo.(1,2) A clinical trial for levetiracetam as a treatment for tonic-clonic seizures in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies showed a mean

Adult male Wistar rats 5 weeks older were received methylscopolamine (1 mg/kg) subcutaneously (CavalheiroTurski 1983,85), after 30 min animals received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pilocarpine (340-350 mg/kg) to induce status epilepticus (SE) (Wozny et al., 2005). To compare the effect of vehicles, in place of pilocarpine injection animals received 0.9 % NaCl. An animal considered in status epilepticus (SE) if the seizing state remain continued after 3 consecutive seizure within 10 min time duration. SE was stopped after 90 min with the injection of diazepam (i.p. 10 mg/kg). To allow rapid recovery and to avoid weight loss animal were injected with lactate ringer solution. All animals were kept under a 12 h light/dark cycle, freely

A patient experiencing a convulsive seizure may become ‘unconscious; they may experience rigidity, convulsion of limbs, and even incontinence. Afterwards, the patient may feel confused and drowsy’ (Ransford et al., 2014, p. 404). Short appointments should not be detrimental to the patient. However, if a longer appointment is needed and the patient is experiencing anxiety, benzodiazepines should be considered, as they possess “anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects” (Ransford et al., 2014, p. 404). We should be cautious when using conscious sedation or general anesthesia as there are disadvantages, such as complications with the AED therapy the patient most likely is concurrently

Epilepsy is a condition in which a person has two or more seizures affecting a variety of mental and physical functions. Epilepsy is one of the oldest conditions of the human race. Epilepsy Awareness is important because Epilepsy is a widely misunderstood disorder. The reason that Epilepsy has been misunderstood has been mainly due to research not being conducted until the middle of the nineteenth century. There are six main types of seizures and many treatments that can assist an epileptic patient. Many facts and myths exist about a person who has Epilepsy, which, is why it is an important disorder to understand. A person living with Epilepsy can typically have a normal life after seeking medical advice from doctors.