Symptoms And Treatment Of Asthma

Stress has a huge impact on the immune system. The immune system is interconnected. For example the immune, nervous, and endocrine system is linked through specialized communication pathways involving hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and immune cell productions. Stress reactions can directly affect the various response systems and how they handle the neuroendocrine-products. This stress reaction directly affects the hypothalamus and pituitary peptides through the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Some of these stressors might be life events, anxiety, and excitements.

To better understand the impact of asthma, a brief overview of the causes (aetiology) and disease progression (pathophysiology) must be shown. As common as asthma is, not much is known about its aetiology, according to findings presented by Subbaroa, Mandhane and Sears (2009, pg. 181-187) in a review from the Canadian

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Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress related illness

The purpose of this paper is to describe the pathophysiology of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation, with explanation of arterial blood gas pattern during an asthma exacerbation. Also, explain how ethnicity might impact pathophysiology of asthma and asthma exacerbation. The diagnosis and treatment plan needed to relieve the presented signs and symptoms will be reviewed. Lastly, constructs two mind maps for chronic asthma and asthma exacerbation including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment.

The MDI may be placed in the mouth with the lips sealed around it, placed 1 to 2 inches away from the opened mouth, or attached to a spacer or holding chamber with the end of the device placed in the mouth and the lips sealed around it.

Describe the early signs of an acute asthma attack and relate each of these to the changes taking place in the lungs.

Asthma is best described as a chronic inflammation the pulmonary lower airways because of hyperresponsiveness of lower airway obstructions that is usually reversible (Fireman, 2003). Asthma is triggered by cold air, exercise, viral upper respiratory infections, cigarette smoking, and respiratory allergens. One in 12 people in the United States has been diagnosed with asthma which is approximately 25 million people which accounts for 8% of the total population (AAAAI, 2016). It is estimated that the average cost for care of asthma in the United States is about $3,300.00 yearly in related medical expenses, missed school, missed worked days and early death (AAAAI, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to describe the long-term treatment

Bunting BA, Cranor CW. The Asheville project: long-term clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes of community-based medication therapy management program for asthma. J Am Pharm Assoc 2006;46:133-147

When Stress levels begin to raise other anything such as bills, work or traffic, Asthma symptoms can instantly kick in. Asthma and anxiety can make a vicious circle, and one that can spiral downward quickly. Firstly stress and anxiety can cause physiological changes that could provoke an attack to occur. These emotions trigger the release of chemicals, such as leukotrienes and histamine, which cause the narrowing of the airway. During this horrific period of stress and anxiety, it can get into the head of people and they forget to do the basics. People might forget to take their medications which can cause an attack. These stress-related hormones also reduce the body’s ability to fight off respiratory infections like colds. Stress can affect the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, immune and central nervous system. It can also create powerful physiologic reaction that can lead to airway constriction and changes in the immune system. This can play a vital role in making the Asthma symptoms worse. The mechanism between anxiety and Asthma is many-fold, with uncontrolled amounts of emotions can work the nerve and cause constriction to muscles, like the smooth muscles of the airways in the lungs. They begin to tighten up and constrict, which can trigger wheezing, coughing and tightness in the chest for people. Even though stress and anxiety start all in your head with mind games, Asthma is a physical disease related to the lungs. You may think it’s in your head but it’s not,

Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by episodes in which the bronchioles constrict due to oversensitivity. In asthma, the airways (bronchioles) constrict making it difficult to get air in or out of the lungs. Breathlessness is the main symptom. The bronchi and bronchioles become inflamed and constricted. Asthmatics usually react to triggers. Triggers are substances and situations that would not normally trouble an asthma free person. Asthma is either extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic is when the inflammation in the airway is a result of hypersensitivity reactions associated with allergy (food or pollen). Intrinsic asthma is linked to hyper responsive reactions to other forms of

Theophylline is basically a bronchodilator, but it is progressively more acknowledged that theophylline has other anti-asthma activities, which may be more important. Theophylline, even at low plasma concentrations, inhibits the lateasthmatic reaction following allergen challenge. These clinical pharmacologicalobservations are substantiated by experimental animal and in vitrodata showing that theophylline has several anti-inflammatory activities relevant to asthma. Theseinclude the inhibition of cytokine synthesis and release, the inhibition of inflam-matory cell activation and microvascular leakage, and the prevention of airwayhyperresponsiveness induced by airway inflammation. Theophylline appears tohave immunomodulatory effects, even at relatively low plasma concentrations.

In acute exacerbations of asthma, bronchial smooth muscle contraction occurs quickly to narrow the airways in response to exposure to a variety of stimuli including allergens or irritants. Inhaled antigen activates mast cells and T helper2 (Th2) cells in the airway. Mast cell are derived from the myeloid stem cells. They are part of the immune system and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. The mast cells have large numbers of IgE receptors which are antibodies responsible for activation of allergic reactions and they are important to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as Asthma. These cells when activated by interaction with antigen, release a wide variety of mediators to initiate acute bronchospasm and also to release pro-inflammatory cytokines to perpetuate underlying airway inflammation.

Allergies are among the most common inveterate case worldwide. Allergy symptoms range from making you powerless to putting you at risk for life-menacing reaction.Food allergies are defined as “ the body 's abnormal responses to harmless foods; the reactions are caused by the immune system 'sreaction to some food proteins” (thefreedictionary.difntion.com).In other words,The job of the body’s immune system is to identify and ruin germs (such as bacteria or viruses) that make you sick. A food allergy results when the immune system wrong targets a harmless food protein an allergen as menace and attacks it.

Chronic stress can also interfere with the body’s immune system directly through hormonal changes. Glucocorticoids-a hormone