Symptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder

Nursing literature strengthens the medical view that non-compliance is a large problem that often comes with damaging consequences, often related to cost, re-hospitalization and relapses that might have otherwise been prevented (Russel, Daly, Hughes, & Hoog, 2003). Research indicates that a patient who is not satisfied will rarely comply with directions and often does not show up for return visits and this gives meaning as to why this is such an important topic. A show of statistics indicate that non-adherence to medications causes 125,000 deaths yearly and can be accounted for 10% to 25% of reported nursing home and hospital admissions in the United States alone (Atreja, Bellam, & Levy, 2002).

Bipolar disorder has been gaining more and more attention over the last few years. With shootings on the rise, or at least the publicity of them, people are often pointing their fingers at mental diseases including bipolar disorder. An ongoing issue regarding mental illnesses, however, is the population has failed to fully understand what they truly are, the symptoms, and how to treat them.

Bipolar disorder also known as manic depressive illness is a brain disorder that causes shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out everyday task (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). Every year, 2.9% of the U.S population is diagnosed with bipolar disorder, with nearly 83% of causes being classified as severe (NAMI). According to Miller, Ghadiali, Larusso, Wahlen, Ani-Barron, Mittal, Greene (2015), bipolar disorder is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Most people that experience this disorder experience highs and lows of the illness. In this paper, various components of bipolar disorder will be discussed. The components include: population dynamics, physical illnesses that accompany the disorder, risk factors and social determinants, treatment, prevention, health promotion, and cultural differences found globally.

Psychiatric mood disorders of such as Bipolar are often complex to diagnosis. Bipolar I is differentiated from Bipolar II by a history of at least one manic episode in a person’s life, with Bipolar II being diagnosed and characterized by a history of major depression with at least one episode of hypomania (Sadock, Sadock, and Ruiz, 2015). Bipolar is often misdiagnosed as major depression, especially in the presence of a dual diagnosis of substance use disorders. Individuals with Bipolar often have a history of self-medicating their mood symptoms of mania and

This proposal contains a summary of the literature related to the issue of medication non-compliance among people with schizophrenia, as well as information regarding Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and how it can be incorporated into an intervention addressing this issue. I have also included a proposed research study to test the effectiveness of such an intervention in order to determine if this would be a useful resource in the treatment of this illness. Strengths and weaknesses of the proposed study, as well as ethical considerations have also been included

People with bipolar disorder face a suicide rate that is around three times as high as the general population (Oral, 2014) due to factors that their disorder present. These contributing factors include, but are not limited to: “early age at disease onset, the high number of depressive episodes, comorbid alcohol abuse, a history of antidepressant-induced mania, and traits of hostility and impulsivity” (Sobel, 2012). People may feel a loss of control in their life or illness because of these factors or vice versa. Around 10-20% of people with bipolar disorder commit suicide (Dinan, 2002), which makes the illness

Adherence is defined as the extent to which a person's behaviour in taking medication which requires the person's agreement to the recommendations for treatment from health care provider(4) to achieve healthy lifestyle. (7) In the situation that not following the health care provider’s orders correctly, it is known as the medication non-adherence. Medication non-adherence will lead to multidimensional health care problem. (1) Non-adherence of medication will be occured among patients during different stages of their therapy.

Bipolar and related disorders are lifelong perplexing mental illnesses that are difficult to diagnose and treat. Bipolar illness is a chronic shifting of extreme euphoria (mania) and deep sadness or hopelessness (depressive) episodes, complicated by comorbidities and the potential for poor health outcomes. The occurrence of bipolar disorder (BD) throughout the adult population in the United States is reported to be approximately 5.7 million people each year, with a lifetime prevalence of 3.9 percent. (National Institute of Mental Health)

“The evidence is so strongly compelling that bipolar [disorder] is a largely biologic-based disorder that pharmacologic intervention is the mainstay of treatment,” (p.111) It is crucial to find a wide assortment of ways in order to treat this disorder because every case of the illness varies from patient to patient. In some cases, a medication that works efficiently for a group of patients may have little to no effect or adverse effects to another group of patients. It is important to utilize psychotherapies such as cognitive, behavioral, and psychoeducational approaches in order to supplement the prescribed medications, as medications cannot “teach” the patient different coping skills like therapy can. Even though medication alone is not always the most effective way of treating patients, “some of the most convincing evidence in favor of a biological etiology remains the relatively good response to pharmacotherapy and the extremely poor response to purely psychological interventions,” (p. 110). In turn, those patients have a better probability to enter into remission and transition into more productive and higher quality

A diagnosis of Bipolar I requires that the criteria for a manic episode be met. The manic episode may have been preceded by and may be followed by hypo manic or major depressive episodes (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). A diagnosis of Bipolar II requires that the criteria for a current or past hypo manic episode and the criteria for a current or past major depressive episode have been met (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).A diagnosis of Cyclothymic Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a common mental neurological illness that currently affects approximately 5.5 million Americans that are at least eighteen years or older. There are an estimated 51% of individuals with this condition who are untreated in any given year. Individuals diagnosed with this disease have mood swings that alternate from periods of severe highs (mania) to extreme lows (depression). Suicide is the number one cause of premature death among people with bipolar disorder, with 15-17 percent taking their own lives as a result of negative symptoms that come from untreated illness (TAC, 2011). People with bipolar disorders can be characterized as wild, frantic, pacing, out-of-their-mind, and extremely depressed. Taking a look into what

Did you know that patients with chronic disorders are more likely to become noncompliant with their therapy and or medication regimen after about six months? The term non-compliance is very often interchangeably used with the term non-adherence. Mantri (2014) defines non-compliance as patients that do not follow their health care provider’s recommendations and or instructions. Several different factors play into why a patient becomes non-compliant. Mantri (2014) states that the four factors that play a major role on whether or not a patient is non-compliant are; illness, medication, physician, and the factors that strictly relate to the patient personally. When patients are non-compliant it puts a big burden on health care economically

As one of the more common psychiatric disorders, as well as the most complex, Bipolar disorder is the leading causal factor of functional disability in which aberrations of mood are found in correlation with changes in behaviors, biological rhythms, and cognitive functions; being amongst the most severe of all psychological disorders, with the highest rates of homelessness, suicide, and hospitalization, as it concerns an estimated 2–4% of the population within then United State alone. For mania, in the year following hospitalization, often scarcer than 35% of those diagnosed will ever resume a station within the workforce. Unfortunately, statistically, those inflicted with bipolar disorder are 25% - 50% more like to attempt suicide and 11% more apt to follow through.

It seems every day that goes by we hear someone being labeled as bipolar or another celebrity is getting diagnosed as being bipolar after their spurts of erratic behavior. I had to ask the question, does anyone really know what it means to be bipolar? Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks (NIMH). Suffering from bipolar disorder can mean suffering from drastic changes in mood from one minute to the next. This illness can make getting through the simplest daily tasks impossible and can even cause the person suffering to become suicidal. There are typically three states that a person with this illness will experience; manic, depressive and mixed states. This illness is typically diagnosed in late teens to early twenties and is treatable, but will usually last a person’s entire life. At this time there are no medical tests or exams performed to determine if a person is suffering from bipolar disorder. Usually a trained mental health professional can determine the diagnosis after evaluating the person. Bipolar disorder can run in families, although there are some relating factors, scientists have not yet determined any keys in genetics as far as passing the illness on.

According to an article I found online, one of two people who suffer from bipolar disorder will stop taking their medications within 12 months of being prescribed (Oliver 2010). The reason for this is because some enjoy the manic episodes or they medication dosage needs changing (Oliver 2010). Other reasons listed were side effects, religion, no insurance, denial, pregnancy, and productivity (Oliver 2010). Another comment made by the writer, which is information I have heard of before, is the relation between not taking their medications and suicide rates (Oliver 2010). At the end of this article, some interesting information was given about the author. It stated that he has had a loved one who suffered from bipolar disorder and he has other articles that have information on how to deal/cope with having a loved one suffer from this disorder (Oliver