Symptoms And Treatment Of Cancer

“Each Year in the United States about one-hundred and fifty-thousand patients develop cancer of the colon or rectum. Around fifty percent of these patients will either have a cancer that has already spread to the liver or they will come back in future years with metastatic cancer to the liver.” Liver cancer, or other known as Hepatocellular Carcinoma, is a cancer residing in the liver. There are other cancers like metastatic cancer that starts at other organs then spreads to the liver. Being the third most common cancer in the world, it is also one of the deadliest. Twenty percent of the patients that are affected by liver cancer survive for a year after diagnosis. Sadly, five percentile of the survivors live for only five years or more.

According to statistics published by the American Cancer Society, there will be an estimated 1.5 million new cancer cases diagnosed each year over the next decade. What factors contribute to the yearly incidence

Tis (Paget): Paget disease of the nipple not associated with DCIS/LCIS o T1: 20 mm but " '50 mm in greatest dimension o T3: >50 mm in greatest dimension

In several clinical cohorts, it has been shown that chronic hepatitis C is a main leading cause of cirrhosis and HCC, which is the third cause of cancer deaths worldwide (EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines, 2011).

Cancer is the name given to a collection of more than 100 related diseases. It is a genetic disease caused by changes to genes that control the way our cells function (“What is Cancer?” National Cancer Institute). The genetic changes that subsidize cancer tend to affect three chief types of genes- proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. These are the “drivers” of cancer. Cancer can appear and grow virtually anywhere in the body. Types of cancer are customarily named for the organs or tissues where they form. They can also be described by the types of cell that formed them. Although there are many different kinds of cancer, all cancers start because abnormal cells grow out of control (“What is Cancer?” American Cancer

The liver filters the circulating blood that pass through the body, in order to obtain nutrients, remove toxins and waste products from blood, convert drugs to chemicals and many other important function. Due to its function, the liver may get affected by cancer cells if being carried by the blood. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver malignancies, and it also called Malignant Hepatoma1. It is considered one of deadliest malignancies, since it is the third killing cancer worldwide2. This is especially true for the people who live in Asia and Africa; the reason for that is the prevalence of Hepatitis B&C, Which are one of the main risk factors leading to HCC in those regions. Other risk factors include cirrhosis, which

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver,also it is known to be the fifth most common cancer and third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide (1,2).HCC is a hypervascular tumor that mostly occurs in the settings of liver cirrhosis,and one of the leading causes of death in patients with cirrhosis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is introduced as the fifth most common tumor and also the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths all around the world. Carcinogenesis of HCC is a multistep and complex process; it is known that multiple risk factors, such as chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, carcinogen exposure, cirrhosis and a group of single nucleotide polymorphisms, subscribe to hepatocarcinogenesis.Chronic HCV patients are susceptible to hepatic inflammation, developing liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC. Such a case does not depend on virus genotype or viral load

Despite the numerous advances in recent years, many cancer therapies have retained a focus on cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy as the main course of treatment in patients with various types of maligancies. This approach is however unspecific in its mechanism, and effects its cytotoxic mechanism on healthy patient cells as well as cancer cells, causing a variety of secondary health problems and side effects in the patients, the most obvious and commonly observed being hair loss and an abnormal Full Blood Count profile (thrombocytopenia, for example).

Cancer is known as a disease when abnormal cells start to divide uncontrollably and start to destroy body tissue. “This year about 564,800 Americans are expected to die of cancer—more than 1,500 people a day” (TLCF). Throughout the past ten years the percentage of death rates have gone down for many cancers but, for others it has increased.

A Cancer diagnosis may bring on many negative emotions, questions and uncertainties in a patient. Even though we now have different types of treatments for cancer, there are still numerous deaths annually attributed to the diagnosis. The World Health Organization has described the number of mortalities to be greater than 8.2 million annually around the world (World Health Organization [WHO], 2015). As nurses, we must serve as the patient’s advocate and empower them throughout the course of their illness. Nursing care for cancer needs to incorporate teaching and providing patient’s with knowledge concerning their diagnosis, treatments and side-effects, being present and supportive, showing emotional and spiritual encouragement and also using evidence-based interventions to help alleviate the patients’ pain and suffering brought on by their malady and treatments.

In dealing with cancer treatments now, slight flaws in our practice after therapy have been present; in doing so, patients have experienced personal and emotional discomfort after therapy. Addressing these issues can become informal to patients, as technology have made it easier for our daily procedures to become convenient. The underlining cause of some confusion is not the patients fault but lack of communication from the health care provider after. Therefore, introducing the drawbacks of cancer treatment is adequate to patients after recovery.

Cancer chemotherapy is one of the most effective and successful treatments for curing cancer. The main advantage of this therapy is that it destroys the cancer cells. It is given in several doses in the form of pills or injections. Sadly, chemotherapy is followed by certain side effects, which, in certain cases, may not disappear after the treatment is over. Therefore, before undergoing chemotherapy, it is important that the patients should have strong will-power and determination to undergo this therapy. The main aim of this type of treatment is to cure and control cancer as well as ease the cancer symptoms at the earliest.

Whether a friend, family member, or personally, cancer affects millions each year. In fact, 1,685,210 individuals will be newly diagnosed by cancer and 595,690 will die from cancer in the year of 2016. 2 In order to receive a transplant, radiation, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive drugs, isolation, plus more are required in hopes to achieve success. The possibility of the unknown, the fear of rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), looms throughout the minds of patients and challenges medical professionals. GVHD can begin at any time thus verifying the importance of nursing. GVHD is a condition that occurs when a donor’s bone marrow attacks the patient, which varies in organs and tissues. As a result, the affected organs or tissues lose their ability to function and increase the risk of infection for the recipient. Nurses are solely responsible for recognizing early signs of rejection during patient hospitalization, teaching patients how to recognize signs of rejection when at home, preventing infection, and vital to the overall health of an immunocompromised patient. GVHD varies depending on the length of the condition (acute or chronic). Nurses must be competent in assessing the multiple organ systems for rejection. To name a few, the skin, stomach, intestines, liver, joints, eyes, and lungs can be affected. Some signs of rejection include rashes, jaundice, abdominal discomfort, sores in mouth, trouble breathing, diarrhea, and nausea, in addition to others. Evaluating

It is predicted that the annual cancer cases will increase from 14 million in 2012 to 22 million within the next 20 years.