Symptoms And Treatment Of Cancer

Human life starts from a fertilized cell which breaks down, again and again, an adult human body is composed of the abundance of cells and each one have their own specific function to perform. During adulthood, most of the cell does not duplicate except some cells continue to divide to replace the old or damaged cell in blood, skin and intestine. This growth is very controlled and no excessive cell growth takes place. But sometimes when a mutation occurs in one or more genes which causes unnecessary cell reproduction and as a conclusion, there is no control over the growth of cells. It is called malignant transformation and this is the starting of cancer (Hosick et al., 2015). There are many different types of cancer but the early stage diagnosis

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There are twelve major types of cancer that affect most Americans and they can be related by the mutation of genes. Cancer is not just one disease, but a massive group with over 100 diseases by unrestrained and vicarious growth of the cells in the body and have the ability of the cells to propagate. One out of every four Americans will die from cancer. It is the second leading cause of death in this country, surpassed only by heart disease. Five to ten percent of cancer are genetic and hereditary. 1.2 million new cases are found in every year the United States, “Men have a one in two lifetime risk of developing cancer, and for women the risk is one in three” (Freivogel 201).

Under normal conditions, cells balance division and apoptosis, and these processes are accomplished and preserved by several biochemical “checkpoints” during the cell cycle2. When these checkpoints are affected, uncontrolled cellular proliferation and cancer can result. Two general classes of cancer genes are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes facilitate tumor formation by directly accelerating cell division, whereas tumor suppressor genes, when affected, allow uncontrolled growth that was normally suppressed2. Tumor suppressor gene loss usually affects a cell’s phenotype when both copies of the gene are lost, so null alleles can be present in a heterozygous state in cells without affecting cell and tissue phenotype. The loss of these genes can occur through genetic mutation or the epigenetic silencing of genes via promoter

DNA changes of a cell (it’s process) determines an Cancer molecular. The connections between clinical outcomes and therapeutic applications play major roles. This takes part in determining the certain drugs authorized for personalized medicine.

One gene that is prominent in the regulation and development of cells is the Tumor Suppressor Gene. The function of the Tumor Suppressor Gene is to inhibit cell growth when it is deemed necessary in the body. When this gene is mutated is result in the overgrowth of cells because the body can not inform the proper cells to stop growing which can lead to cancer. Cells begin to take up space and oxygen without regard to the other cells around them. The gene “p53” is a common mutation of tumor suppressor genes and is said to be a cause and the development of cancers such as breast cancer. The problem with this mutation is that at the G1 checkpoint of interphase the mutated cell moves directly from G1 to S phase and produces two daughter cells with the mutated p53 gene. The Tumor Suppressor gene “apc” is also mutated in a majority of colorectal cancers. Researchers found that two protein inactivating mutations at apc result in sporadic tumors on the colerectum. Another gene that aids in cell reproduction is the Proto-Oncogene. The proto-oncogene stimulates cell growth. When this gene is mutated is results in the overgrowth of cells because the body is stimulating the cells to continue to divide and produce uncontrollably which can cause cancer because again cancer is defined as the uncontrollable division of cells. The oncogene version of the ras family has been proven to be present in a variety of cancers. The ras family has three major genes including H-ras, K-ras and N-ras. When ras genes are mutated they grow uncontrollably and evade death signals. The gene “k-ras” has played an early role in the development of pancreatic cancer. The last prominent gene that aid in cell cycle is DNA Repair Genes. DNA Repair Genes correct mistakes in DNA, mistakes which result in certain parts of the DNA producing the incorrect protein and function. When this gene is mutated the gene is

When it comes to the topic of cancer, most people readily agree that we have made leaps and bounds in diagnosis and treatment mechanisms. Where this disagreement usually begins, is on the question if finding a “cure” for cancer can be a reality. While some are convinced that a cure will come with time, others believe that a single cure is just not logical. The US waged a war on cancer when Nixon was in office, 1971, yet we haven’t overcome it yet (Gorski). After research, I believe that the disease umbrella known as cancer cannot simply be cured because of it’s overall complexity, variances in causes, the American lifestyle, and the overwhelming associated costs.

In spite of all the achievements and advances in the medical field, cancer stays as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Cancer is an umbrella term for groups of diseases that are all characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells [1]. These abnormal cells are cells that are either mutated or damaged in such a way that natural mechanisms for checking cell growth are no longer efficient for containing their growth. If these unusual cells are allowed to multiply unchecked, severe health issues will arise possibly leading to death. Cancer can result from both external factors including tobacco usage, virus infections, chemicals, and radiation, as well as from internal factors such as hormones and inherited mutations [1].

Cancer is the uncontrolled division and growth of cells within the body. (Appendix 1) These cells are usually abnormal and are caused by mutations in genes that control the cell growth and replication. These cells damage the normal function of organs and can form tumours. Anti-cancer drugs work using number of strategies that interferes with the mitosis of the body cells, which in turn slows down the growth of the cancerous tissues. Anticancer drugs have distinct mechanisms of action which may vary in their effects on different types of cancer cells. These mechanisms of action are divided into three main categories. Anticancer drugs generally do one of the following, stop the synthesis of the pre-cursors of the DNA synthesis, damage the nucleic acid of the cell or affect the formation of the mitotic spindle. This is displayed in appendix 2. All three interfere with the division of the cells, which in turn slows down the growth of the cancerous tissue.

Patients at early stages of cancer, pre metastasis, can often be cured by surgically removing the tumor. On the other hand, Patients with progressed cancer, which has metastasized, must be treated with systemic therapies. Common therapies used today are radiation and chemotherapy. Although in some cases these treatments are effective in removing tumors, they are not entirely selective towards cells within the tumor and are toxic to the patient. A relatively new approach towards cancer treatment is targeted therapy; drugs which inhibit specific molecules involved in tumor development. These drugs are more specific towards tumor cells and less damaging to normal cells [R]. Although Initial therapeutic responses to targeted therapy drugs are promising, many patients will experience regrowth and progression of the tumor within several months following treatment [R, A]. Typical detectable metastatic lesions are expected to contain hundreds of cells resistant to the drug before the start of treatment. These cells would then expand during treatment, repopulate the tumor, and cause treatment failure [R]. Along with preexisting mutations, these targeted therapies put massive selective pressures on the diverse cell populations of the tumor which drive the tumor cells by natural selection to select mutations that cause resistance. This resistance could result from several different processes of which genetic alternation in the drug targets and development of

Cancer may be an organic {process|biological method} process Cancer is a multi-step process that is driven by genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations of deoxyribonucleic acid. The genetic and epigenetic alterations generally have an effect on the genes dominant growth, proliferation and survival of the cells. It’s long been recognized that cancer is associate degree organic {process|biological process} process that is characterized by accumulation of mutations that drive tumour initiation, progression and development of treatment resistance. This advanced method needs bypassing a series of barriers between traditional and cancer cells and reflects the work of evolution. Associate degree early theory

Cancer occurrs by the production of multiple mutations in a single cell that causes it to proliferate out of control. Cancer cells often different from their normal neighbors by a host of specific phenotypic changes, such as rapid division rate, invasion of new cellular territories, high metabolic rate, and altered shape. Some of those mutations may be transmitted from the parents through the germ line. Others arise de novo in the somatic cell lineage of a particular cell. Cancer-promoting mutations can be identified in a variety of ways. They can be cloned and studied to learn how they can be controlled.

The main thing I am trying to say here is that when tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes do not do what they are required to do, the cancer begins to form, all

Cancer is defined as group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of cells. The condition also includes spreading of abnormal cells to adjacent healthy sites of the body (1). If this condition is not controlled it could result in death. Abnormality in cell cycle regulation mechanisms, uncontrolled cell division, and invasiveness to the healthy tissues are the characteristic features of the cancer cells. Cells are the structural and functional units of all organisms. All the functions in the body are carried out by the cells in a well organized and regulated manner. When the cells deviate from their normal functioning and behave abnormally without any meaningful purpose in the body turn out into cancerous

The word chemotherapy means the use of any kind of drug to treat a disease, but today, it is most used in a cancer context. These drugs can also be known as cytotoxic (i.e. cell-killing) drugs or as antineoplastic (i.e. anti-cancer) drugs. But what is this complex disease called cancer? Cancer is a multi-step process mainly characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth and proliferation.