Symptoms And Treatment Of Dr. Giovanni Essay

Diabetes is a metabolic disease where a person has high blood glucose due to either the body's cells do not properly respond to insulin, the insulin production is not adequate, or even at times both. People who have this will often have polyuria which is urinating frequently, as well as be more hungry and thirsty. There are three different types of diabetes. There is Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes.

Anyone who has spent any time as a hospital patient knows that comfort is not generally going to be found, but instead, a patient may find themselves overwhelmed with anxiety and fear. This uncomfortable feeling may be fueled by uncertainty in many different forms. Patients may be uneasy about upcoming and unfamiliar procedures, they are concerned about recovery from their illness, and /or they may be plagued by thoughts of their mortality. In addition to dealing with these personal thoughts going through the patients’ heads, the patients are also forced to endure a hectic and chaotic hospital environment. They find themselves in a place where their rest is being constantly interrupted by hospital staff checking on their current health status. This could include from simple vital sign checks to uncomfortable and painful invasive procedures such as having chest tubes inserted or removed. In addition, a patient may experience humiliation due to a lack of privacy as well as the lack of freedom due to confinement within their hospital room. The resulting psychological effects can be harsh, creating issues further impeding the healing of the patients. This is a major concern because research has found that recovery and healing is at its optimum within a comfortable setting where resting can take place (Krinsky, Murillo, & Johnson, 2014, p. 147). In compliance with this line of thought, Katharine Kolcaba formulated the Comfort Theory, which holds, “the experience

Symptoms of diabetes include: weight loss, fatigue, thirst, frequent urination, sugar in the urine, and vision problems.

Many peoples can be aware and can be unaware that they have a blood sugar imbalance and will no realize an acute affect takes place. This is because a person blood sugar goes to high or too low. Blood sugar that is extremely elevated makes a person feel sick because of the high blood sugar causing a person to act stuporous (drunk like), or ever go in to a diabetic coma. Blood pressure that is to low make a person feels lethargic, irritable, dizzy, and experiences increased urination and increased thirst due to the bodies mechanism in which makes the body thrive for a source of sugar.

MR. Anthony David is a resigned 69-year-old man with a 5-year history of sort 2 diabetes. He is resigned from an administration office. In spite of the fact that he was analyzed in 1997, he had side effects showing hyperglycemia for a long time before determination. He had fasting blood glucose records demonstrating estimations of 118–127 mg/dl, which were portrayed to him as characteristic of "marginal diabetes." He additionally recalled past scenes of nocturia connected with substantial pasta suppers and Italian baked goods. At the season of starting determination, he was encouraged to get more fit ("no less than 10 lb."); however no further move was made.

Polydipsia: increased fluid intake. It is due to high blood glucose that raises the osmolality of blood and makes it more concentrated. With frequent urination, increase water intake becomes necessary. Severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance can occur. Diabetes may cause blood glucose levels to rise which can lead to increased glucose levels that cause one’s body to pull fluid from cells into the bloodstream and deliver the increased load to the kidneys. This can cause one’s kidneys to over work and produce more urine than normal.

Symptoms of Diabetes Type II include blurry vision and fatigue. Because the cells aren 't getting enough glucose, they cannot function properly. The patient might be thirsty and hungry constantly; however, they might also exhibit signs of "unexplained weight loss" (mayoclinic.com). Other signs and symptoms include frequent infections,

Frequent urination leads to excessive water loss and dehydration, which seriously jeopardizes health. Being extremely thirsty is another symptom. A person becomes thirsty because of the loss of water through urine. Excess sugar concentrates the blood, which also triggers thirst. Fatigue occurs because glucose is unable to be effectively used as a fuel by muscle cells. They are "fuel deprived" and are less able to perform work. Dehydration also causes fatigue. Weight loss is another symptom of a diabetic. It may be slow or rapid. Lots of people with early diabetes actually eat more and still continue to lose weight. This is due to the amount of water loss and the increased breakdown of fat and protein tissues, as the body makes up for poor glucose utilization. Hunger is also a symptom because glucose is unavailable to cells as fuel. Blurry vision develops as the rapidly rising blood sugar levels cause fluid shifts in the lens of the eye. Lastly, infections of the gums, bladder, skin, and vagina become harder to treat. This is

Mr. Jones is a 68 year-old-man with a history of impaired glucose tolerance. His only other medical problem is hypertension treated with a small dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. He quit smoking 20 years ago. He has no dyslipidemia and has had stress electrocardiograms every 2 years with normal results. He does not use alcohol. Approximately 3 months ago, he noticed some burning and tingling in his feet. He admitted that he had not felt well as usual and that his walking was becoming more of a chore. He denied chest pain or shortness of breath. He denies any other symptoms had no fever, or chills, cough, blood stools, or hematuria. When seen in the office, he had gained 5 lbs.

Type two diabetes mellitus or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is a disease state characterized by hyperglycemia or high levels of blood glucose. This can cause a variety of symptoms such as excessive urination or excessive thirst as the kidneys try to get rid of the excess sugar.. What distinguishes type two diabetes from type one diabetes is that a person with type two diabetes is not insulin dependent. Often times, there are decreased to normal levels of insulin detected in the bloodstream of humans with type two diabetes. The reason diabetes is developed is due to insulin insensitivity or a decrease in insulin production by the beta cells in the pancreas. Usually, patients with type two diabetes exhibit both insulin insensitivity and decreased insulin production. When the body does not react to insulin or when insulin levels are too low, sugar in the blood cannot be used effectively to create anabolic products such as glycogen, and it cannot be used as fuel because the glycolysis pathway is not activated. The high glucose levels that are then left in the bloodstream can cause blood to become very viscous and lead to many vascular diseases. If diabetes type 2 is not treated, then a number of problems arise such as numbing of the extremities, poor wound healing and decreased neurological function. Renal failure may also result as the kidney overworks itself to get rid of the excess sugar. Diabetes patients are also at risk of dehydration as they constantly

Nerve damage includes numbness, tingling, and pain. Most commonly in the toes, feet, legs, hands, arms, and fingers. Other symptoms include indigestion, nausea, or vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and problems with urination (Porth, 2015). Complaints of dizziness or faintness due to a drop in blood pressure after standing or sitting up, weakness are also noted. Diabetic neuropathy can be classified as peripheral, autonomic, proximal, or focal (Porth, 2015). Peripheral neuropathy is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy causes changes in digestion, bowel and bladder function, sexual response, and perspiration (Porth, 2015). Affecting the nerves that serve the heart and control blood pressure, and nerves in the lungs and eyes. Proximal neuropathy causes pain in the thighs, hips, or buttocks and leads to weakness in the legs. Focal neuropathy results in the sudden weakness of one nerve or a group of nerves, causing muscle weakness or pain (Porth,

This occurs when an excess volume of glucose is secreted from the blood by excessive levels of insulin. Symptoms of a patient experience hyper episode include passing more urine than usual, being thirsty, headaches, tiredness and lethargy. (Nhs.uk, 2015) When an individual blood sugar becomes to low the patient is said to have a hypoglycemic attack. Symptoms of a patient experiencing a hypo episode include tachycardia, increased blood pressure, increased pulse rate, sweating and anxiety. (Nhs.uk, 2015) Relating to Mrs M’s presenting feature was her shown symptoms from her hyperglycemic attack. This included the occurrence of polyuria, the excretion of large amounts of urine due to blood glucose levels exceeding the renal limit from osmotic diuresis. A second presenting feature that occurred from patients hyperglycemic attack was Polydipsia. This is excessive thirst due to electrolytes in cells and loss of fluid. Excessive thirst is one of the earliest symptoms of diabetes to develop/ and it is associated with excessive dryness in the mouth. Dehydration occurs when the level of glucose in the bloodstream becomes hyper-concentrated. Your kidneys then lose the extract glucose from water, this can be shown with a urine sample in that on a normal basis there would be no glucose present in the urine as it is all put back into the body however the osmotic pressure begins to build up

Dehydration is induced by polyuria when the subject’s blood sugar is above 230mg/dL (hypoglycemic). The body’s loss of energy weakens the immune system and can cause easy limb loss if the skin is broken near the feat. Neuropathy (damage to the nerves) is due to the higher levels of sugar in the capillaries that feed the nerve endings. The sugar sticks to the sides of the capillaries and restricts the blood flow. The nerves in the eyes can also be damaged from the same process, leading to possible blindness. Polyuria can also damage the kidneys the same way alcohol can damage them. When the blood stream contains too much sugar or alcohol, the kidneys filter the excess out. When the kidneys are overused, the kidneys can shut down. The body needs glucose to function, and when the blood sugar drops below 20mg/dL, the brain makes the body go into a seizure. These seizures can be very dangerous and harmful to the body, leading to memory loss or personality changes; however, the body releases glucagon during the seizure causing the blood sugar to jump back to a tolerable

First, extreme fatigue may occur in individuals with type 2 diabetes because the body is being tremendously deprived of sugar which is fuel for the body thus causing sleepiness and even irritability (“Symptoms”). Second, this condition can also cause increase thirst and frequent urination. According to the Mayo Clinic this occurs because “Excess sugar building up in your bloodstream causes fluid to be pulled from the tissues.”. Third, increased hunger may occur because your body is not producing enough insulin to distribute sugar throughout, the muscles and organs become depleted of energy (“Symptoms”). Fourth, the condition affects the way the body can heal and protect itself from multiple types of infections. Fifth, blurred vision is common because when the body’s blood sugar is too high it pulls fluids from the eyes causing blurred and unfocused vision. The sixth symptom that may occur is tingling, numbness, or pain can occur in the hands or feet because the body’s tiny blood vessels are being exposed to excess sugar which can lead injury leading to the sensation of tingling, numbness, or pain in the tips of the fingers or toes (“Symptoms”). Lastly, type 2 diabetes can cause certain areas of the body, mostly in folds and creases, to appear darker than others due to insulin resistance (“Symptoms”).

Some of the most common signs and symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. These symptoms cause a ripple effect and one causes another to happen. Polyuria is excessive urination that is very common in diabetes. This happens when excess sugar builds up in the blood, during which the kidneys work harder to filter and absorb the extra sugar that cannot be reabsorbed. This excess sugar is excreted in the urine along with large losses of water. This is also known as osmotic diuresis. This causes frequent urination and also can cause dehydration (Mayo Clinic, 2010). The dehydration then causes polydipsia, also known as excessive thirst. This is also caused by the increased level of blood glucose. This again, is caused when water is pulled from the cells and also from the large loss of water. When you lose sugar with polyuria you also lose calories which cause polyphagia. The body tents to hold on to the sugar and prevent it from reaching the cells which makes the body use fat stores and cellular protein for energy. This then leads to excessive hunger (Mayo Clinic, 2010).