Symptoms And Treatment Of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a human pathogen that is responsible for ulcers and stomach inflammation. The organism had been researched by several scientists around the world since 1875; however none of them was successfully culture it. Until 1982, Dr. Barry Marshall and Dr. Robin Warren succeeded in observing the colonies, and thus became the first scientists to discover this bacterium. By self-testing, Dr. Marshall drank a liquid that contained H. pylori culture. A few days later, he got sick with many symptoms such as vomiting and nausea. After ten days, by undergoing endoscopy, he was able to confirm the role of H. pylori in causing gastritis. Then he and Dr. Warren also demonstrated the effect of

H. pylori thrives in the acidic environment of the stomach and the finding that this bacteria contributed to the condition was remarkable news and led to the standard practice of treating peptic ulcers with antibiotics. As a result, the rate of H. pylori-induced ulcers has dropped by more than 50 percent. (Ackerman, 2012)

which the lining of the colon becomes inflamed and develops tiny open sores, or ulcers, that

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that inhabits the human stomach and has been linked as a risk factor for chronic gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. H. pylori is able to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach due to its urease enzyme which converts the urea in gastric juice to alkaline ammonia and carbon dioxide. Infection with H. pylori is generally contracted during childhood and can persist indefinitely if untreated. Possible risk factors for H. pylori infection include poor diet, poor hygiene, density, low socioeconomic status (SES), and family history of gastric disease. Studies have found an increased risk of infection with consuming food prepared under unsanitary conditions and a reduced risk with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Poor hygiene

With regards to the peptic ulcer disease, the most common cause is H. pylori infection, thus, testing for it is essential in all patients with peptic ulcers (Anand, 2015). Upper GI endoscopy is the preferred diagnostic test in evaluating patients with symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. Non-invasive methods of detecting H.pylori infection includes fecal antigen testing, which identifies active H. pylori antigens in the stool, and urea breath tests.

In order to explain the significance of oral aphthous ulcers in Crohn’s disease, we need to first look at the pathophysiology of the disease itself.   Crohn’s disease is a relapsing inflammatory bowel disease which can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract. The cause of the disease is not well understood. However, it is believed that the inflammatory response is mainly due to a combination of genetics, an over-reactive immune response, and environmental factors. These factors lead to an inappropriate inflammatory response against enteric bacteria (Bartels et al., 2013).  In Crohn’s disease, there is an abnormal and exaggerated response to bacteria within the gut.  As we have learned in previous lectures, an inflammatory response is a defense

When found in the pyloric antrum H. pylori causes duodenal ulcers and when in the corpus, or body of the stomach, H. pylori can cause gastric ulcers and gastric carcinoma (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). Helicobacter pylori can be detected by a blood test, urea breath test, stool antigen test, and/or stomach biopsy done during an endoscopy (“Helicobacter Pylori Tests”). When treating Helicobacter pylori, patients will typically be given three medications (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). The use of the three medications is called triple therapy (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). One example of a triple therapy used to treat H. pylori is the use of Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, along with clarithromycin and amoxicillin, antibiotics (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). However, a patient may be given substitute proton pump inhibitors, such as pantoprazole or rabeprazole, if they are allergic to omeprazole (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). Substitute antibiotics may also be prescribed if the patient is allergic to amoxicillin, such as, metronidazole (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). Through research, triple therapies have been found to have better results in curing H. pylori than monotherapies or dual therapies (Fuccio et al. 746-747). The triple therapy must be taken for at least seven days and in some cases up to 14 days (“Helicobacter pylori,” Wikipedia). Eating yogurt that contains Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium has also been shown to increase the rate at which H. pylori is cured (“Helicobacter pylori,”

The disease typically develops after infections, especially streptococcal infections of the upper respiratory tract (Fu et al., 2005) .H. pylori has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various extradigestive disorders. However, a few reports have described an association between gastric H. pylori infection and HSP (Cecchi and Torelli, 1998).

In the past it was believed that gastric ulcers were caused by life style modifiable risk factors. The biggest culprit now is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). H. Pyloris is a bacterium commonly found in the gut. The bacteria breaks down the lining of the stomach. Then the stomach acid further breaks down the lining which causes the ulcer. This is the reason, unless contraindicated, most patient receives either a Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist or a proton pump inhibitor in the hospital. The GI symptoms that are present with gastric ulcers would decrease the appetite of the patient. Therefore the patient would encounter a digestion problem.

According to XX, common causes of epigastric tenderness include; gastritis, esophagitis, esophageal spasms, epigastric hernia, GERD, peptic ulcer disease, with or without bleeding, pancreatitis and hiatal hernia. A gastric ulcer is an ulceration or breakdown in the stomach or duodenal lining. The symptoms of a gastric ulcer include dull and burning recurrent abdominal pain in the epigastric region which can be exacerbated by food. Antacids or milk may relieve the pain. In the additional history, it states that the patient describes his pain as burning. The epigastric pain is relieved by eating, especially drinking milk, but returns two hours after eating. In this case scenario, food intake, especially milk is a relieving factor, not an exacerbating factor. The patient history states he denies early satiety, anorexia or weight loss. He states he has had dyspepsia in the past, but his present symptoms are much worse. The factors that damage the gastric mucosal barrier include use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cigarette smoking, glucocorticoids, H. Pylori, alcohol consumption and stress. The patient states he has been taking an NSAID (Tylenol) for two months due to a knee injury. He smokes a pack a day, drinking three mixed drinks a day and has increased stress due to a recent job change. .So, he has many exacerbating factors for the development of a gastric or duodenal ulcer. The bacteria Helicobacter

pylori in a common infection, the host undergoes a period of rapid bacterial duplication and subsequent inflammation following colonization of the viscous mucus layer of the stomach. The penetration of the layer is assisted by the bacteria’s flagella and spiral morphology. The low oxygen level and neutral pH of the mucus act as a prime environment for the microaerophilic H. pylori. (Kusters, 2006) Preferably a lumenal pathogen, host cells are rarely invaded by the microbial. Associated with the inflammation is hypochlorhydria that can persist for months, during which the pathogen is released through fecal shedding in large amounts. After at least a few weeks, an immune response develops but it is not very effective in removing H. pylori. Eventually the inflammation subsides to a stable state and the infection becomes asymptomatic but may persist for decades. (Blaser,

Gastric cancer is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. Most stomach cancers are adenocarcinomas and according to Lauren classifications divide to intestinal and diffuse types. It's caused by many factors such as genetic, environmental, age, gender, race, ethnicity factors. H. pylori infection is the most important factor. The bacteria is a carcinogen type A. Helicobacter pylori is a gram negative and spiral bacteria. And its urease activity neutralizes the stomach acid. The bacteria cause stomach inflammation that could eventually lead to stomach cancer. In this review, we consider the role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric

One common cause of gastritis is H. Pylori. H. Pylori is a bacteria found worldwide, but especially in developing countries, where up to 10% of children and 80% of adults are likely to have had an H. pylori infection. However, patient usually are without any symptoms (Pilotto & Franceschi, 2014). The human host is the only known reservoir. Transmission occurs by person-to-person contact, by both fecal-oral and oral-oral routes therefore, infection is most likely acquired in childhood (Go,2003).

Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that's painful is caused by many things. The most common cause is a bacterial infection of h. pylori, but there are also other causes, such as pain relief medication, and stress. The symptoms of gastritis include lost appetite and weight loss, nausea and vomiting, pain in the upper abdomen, bloating and saltpeter, and/or feel full although only eat a little.

Ulcerative Colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon that causes inflammation and ulcers in the mucosal lining of the colon. It often begins in the sigmoid colon and extends up into the rest of the colon. Most cases of ulcerative colitis are idiopathic. However, researchers think that an individual’s overactive intestinal immune system, genes, and environment play a factor in the cause of acquiring ulcerative colitis. Scientists suggested that bacteria or viruses could provoke the immune system to attack the inner lining of the large intestine by mistake, which would result the inflammation of the colon. Other studies believe that eating certain foods, stress, and emotional distress could be possible causes of ulcerative colitis.