Symptoms And Treatment Of Retinoblastoma

Once a person has been diagnosed with brain cancer, treatment should begin immediately. Treatment for brain tumors involves any combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Some tumors require several different surgical procedures; some can be treated with radiation alone. Surgery is the best process to remove a brain tumor. Surgery attempts to remove most, if not all of the tumor. Once most of the tumor is removed, the rest of the tumor can be removed through a process called radiotherapy.

High-energy rays (radiation therapy) to help shrink or kill the tumor. There are different types of radiation therapy,

is done for this type of tumor is to treat the symptoms and palliative care of the

INTRODUCTION: Melanoma is a condition in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the skin cells called melanocytes (cells that give the skin color). It can also occur in the eye and is called intraocular or ocular melanoma; however it can happen anywhere on the body. It is the most dangerous of the common forms of skin cancer and oftens appears as a growing coloured skin spot, usually occuring in adults, but it is sometimes found in children and adolescents. The disease is more aggressive than basal cell skin cancer or squamous cell skin cancer.

A pituitary tumor can cause loss of vision in one or both eyes depending on its size and shape. The pituitary gland sits in the pituitary sella, which is almost directly behind the eye. If the pituitary tumor gets large enough and grows laterally, it can push against the optic nerve and stop the message for getting to the cerebral cortex. An individual with a pituitary tumor will first notice notice dark, blurry, or dim vision. Sometimes it will only affect vision on one side, when it affects both sides of vision, it's pressing against the optic chiasm.

Surgery is the oldest type of treatment for cancer. In its earlier use, surgery was not as successful as it is today. This was due to the difficulties involved with the anesthesias, excessive blood loss,

Lastly, there are many treatment options for Craniopharyngioma. Three possible treatments could be surgery, chemotherapy, or even radiation. One possible risk of these treatments is an increased risk of stroke. Radiation uses special tools to send high doses of radiation to the cancer cells, chemotherapy exposes the whole body to cancer-fighting drugs, and surgery removes the cancer tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation. Surgery is the oldest type of cancer therapy and remains a treatment for many types of cancer today including Craniopharyngioma.

However, treatments aim to: relieve pain and symptoms, improve quality of life, and prolong survival. Treatment depends on the patient's medical and personal situations. It generally includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Surgery is typically the first stage of treatment for patients with glioblastomas. This may allow for the removal of the tumor tissue to relieve pressure in the brain. Radiation Therapy may be recommended after surgery for some glioblastomas. It may also be necessary to treat glioblastomas when surgery is deemed unsafe or is not recommended for another reason. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are typically the recommended course of treatment for nearly all glioblastomas. Several chemotherapy drugs taken orally are available to manage the symptoms of

6. Prognosis - Source: "Retinoblastoma." AAPOS.org. American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 1 June 2016. Web. 12 Oct. 2016. .

I am doing my project on retinoblastoma. I chose retinoblastoma because I thought not many people would pick it; it is a very rare type of cancer. Retinoblastoma is a fast developing cancer that develops from immature cells in the eye called the retina. It is the most common cancerous tumor of the eye in children. Retinoblastoma occurs mostly in children under five. Although it is very rare, Retinoblastoma can develop when a child is just past the age of six.

The three most common malignant pediatric tumors include retinoblastoma, gliablastoma, and medulloblastoma (Wechsler-Reya & Scott, 2001). Medulloblastoma is a rapidly growing tumor found in the cerebellum; the part of the brain responsible for posture, balance, and complex motor functions such as swallowing and speech (American Brain Tumor Association [ABTA], 2014). There are five different types of medulloblastoma; classic, large-cell, desmoplastic nodular, melanotic, and medullomyoblastoma. The tissue patterns of the tumor help categorize each type of medulloblastoma. There are about 400 new cases of medullobastomas each year in the US, with the majority being diagnosed in children (ABTA, 2014). Medulloblastomas are found slightly more in males compared to females, and is not common in adults but can occur. Medulloblastoma is the most common brain tumor in children age four and younger, and second most common in children ages 5-14. The median age of diagnosis for this brain tumor is seven and approximately 70% of pediatric medulloblastomas are diagnosed in children under the age of ten (ABTA, 2014). Treatment for most medulloblastomas include surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation (Wechsler-Reya & Scott, 2001).

Small or suspicious melanomas (those with a height less than 3 mm) are kept under close observation for growth before treatment is started. Medium-sized tumors (those between 3 and 6 mm in height) can be treated with either radiation therapy or enucleation; it has been determined that both treatments prevent the spread of cancer. In large-sized tumors (those greater than 6 mm in height), the treatment of choice is usually enucleation. This is because the eye would not be able to tolerate the amount of radiation that will need to treat a tumor of this size. The COMS study showed no benefit in administering radiation prior to

The type of surgery depends upon the stage of the cancer. Early stage cancer or in situ cancer is treated by removing the cancerous cells along with a small area of the surrounding tissue mass. Thereafter, the patient has to have regular follows ups for screening and subsequent removal of cancerous tissue.

Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, and targeted drug therapy are all forms of treatment for ALL. Chemotherapy is typically used as induction therapy for kids and adults. Chemotherapy can also be used in consolidation and maintenance therapies. Chemotherapy is given in a variety of ways. It can be given orally as a pill or liquid. It can be given intravenously by infusion into a vein. A cream on the skin can be given. Chemotherapy can also be given by direct placement either via lumbar puncture or a device placed just under the scalp. Radiation therapy uses high-powered beams, such as x-rays, to kill the cancer cells. Radiation therapy is usually recommended when the cancer has spread to the central nervous

Acute glaucoma must be treated early to prevent loss of vision. Treatment usually begins with laser treatment to make a new opening in the iris that allows the angle to open. This is often restores vision, but in some eyes it is necessary to use eyedrops long-term. Surgical treatment